Lethal Food-borne Pathogen Causes Disease After Evading Body's Defenses

Stanford University School of Medicine investigators have understood how Listeria monocytogenes, a lethal food-borne pathogen, manages to escape the intestine's defenses and causes disease.

This bacterial strain thrives in salty or cold environments where prissier pests might perish: cold cuts, smoked salmon, soft cheeses and many a refrigerator. Abundant in the environment, it seldom causes disease in humans - but when it does, it's deadly.

Manuel Amieva, MD, PhD, assistant professor of pediatrics and of microbiology and immunology, is the senior author of a study that describes the way Listeria grabs onto molecular handles on cells in the small intestine and then switches on those cells' own uptake systems to hitch a ride inside.

The study will be published online May 13 in PLoS Pathogens. Mickey Pentecost, PhD, a recent graduate from Amieva's laboratory, is the first author.

We think of the small intestine as a long, smooth, hollow tube through which torrents of nutrient-rich food flow. But close inspection shows that the gut's inner surface lining, known as the intestinal epithelium, is anything but smooth. In fact, it's much more like the Rocky Mountains than the Great Plains. The gut's serrated character vastly increases its surface area, which in turn increases nutrient absorption.

The microscopic mountains of the intestine's rugged surface terrain are called villi. Amieva and his colleagues have previously shown that cells at the very tips of villi are particularly vulnerable to infection by Listeria. But gaining that unauthorized access is no mean feat. The cells of the intestinal epithelium are tightly stitched together by molecules on their cell surfaces that connect them to each other.

The tight junctions formed in this way effectively seal off the intestine from the microbes that course through our digestive tracts. And luckily so: Even normally benign bugs - there are trillions of them in our gut - would cause serious problems if they could squeeze through the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream.

Advertisement

Listeria and other invasive organisms manage to get around that seal, said Amieva. "You get a new intestinal epithelial lining every week," he said. "The cells at the tips of the villi are constantly dying and being shed, at the rate of 10 billion a day. When a cell dies it is shed into the hollow space of the gut. To avoid leaving holes, the surrounding cells quickly move closer together and re-assemble tight junctions. But in the process, the normally hidden molecules that dot the sides of the cells abutting the hole - like the sides of teeth adjacent to one that just fell out - get transiently exposed."

Listeria exploits these exposed spots by doing a sophisticated two-step.

Advertisement

Like many other microbes, Listeria manufactures a couple of hooks (Listeria's are known as Internalin A and Internalin B) that grab onto specific molecules protruding from cells of the intestinal lining. Internalin A's targeted molecule, E-cadherin, is a key player in forging the junctions between adjacent cells of the gut epithelium. The target for Internalin B is C-Met, a receptor for a growth factor (growth factors are external molecules that can drastically change a cell's behavior).

Both E-cadherin and C-Met are typically located along the normally inaccessible sides of villus cells. This was puzzling, said Amieva. "E-cadherin and C-Met would seem to be unlikely attachment sites. Why on earth would a microbe pick such hard-to-reach sites to grab onto?"

Source-ANI
SAV