Do Eyes Decide our Decisions

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How humans move their eyes shed insights into the valuable information about how they make decisions.

The new findings offer researchers a rare opportunity in neuroscience: the chance to observe the inner workings of the human brain from the outside. Doctors could also potentially use the results to, one day, screen their patients for illnesses like depression or Parkinson's Disease.

‘People who make the most hasty decisions�the most impulsive members of the group tend to move their eyes more vigorously.’

"Eye movements are incredibly interesting to study," said Colin Korbisch, doctoral student in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at CU Boulder and lead author of the study. "Unlike your arms or legs, the speed of eye movements is almost totally involuntary. It's a much more direct measurement of these unconscious processes happening in your brain."

Are Eyes the Window to Our Mistakes?

He and his colleagues, including researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, published their findings in November in the journal Current Biology.

In the study, the team asked 22 human subjects to walk on a treadmill then choose between different settings displayed on a computer screen: a brief walk up a steep grade or a longer walk on flat ground.

Researchers discovered that the subjects' eyes gave them away: Even before they made their choices, the treadmill users tended to move their eyes faster when they looked toward the options they ended up choosing. The more vigorously their eyes moved, the more they seemed to prefer their choice.

"We discovered an accessible measurement that will tell you, in only a few seconds, not just what you prefer but how much you prefer it," said Alaa Ahmed, senior author of the study and associate professor of mechanical engineering at CU Boulder.

Eye Movement as a Diagnostic Tool for Early Detection and progress of certain Illness

Ahmed explained that how or why humans make choices (Tea or coffee? Dogs or cats?) is notoriously difficult to study. Researchers don't have many tools that will easily allow them to peer inside the brain. Ahmed, however, believes that our eyes could provide a glimpse into some of our thought processes. She's particularly interested in a type of movement known as a �saccade.'

"The primary way our eyes move is through saccades," Ahmed said. "That's when your eyes quickly jump from one fixation point to another."

Quickly is the key word: Saccades usually take just a few dozen milliseconds to complete, making them faster than an average blink.

To find out if these darting motions give clues about how humans come to decisions, Ahmed and her colleagues decided to hit the gym.

In the new study, the team set up a treadmill on the CU Boulder campus. Study subjects exercised on various inclines for a period of time then sat down in front of a monitor and a high-speed, camera-based device that tracked their eye movements. While at the screen, they pondered a series of options, getting 4 seconds to pick between two choices represented by icons: Did they want to walk for 2 minutes at a 10% grade or for 6 minutes at a 4% grade? Once done, they returned to the treadmill to feel the burn based on what they chose.

The team found that subjects' eyes underwent a marathon of activity in just a short span of time. As they considered their options, the individuals flitted their eyes between the icons, first slowly and then faster.

"Initially, the saccades to either option were similarly vigorous," Ahmed said. "Then, as time passed, that vigor increased and it increased even faster for the option they eventually chose." "Real-time read-outs of this decision-making process typically require invasive electrodes placed into the brain. Having this more easily measured variable opens a lot of possibilities," Korbisch said.

Flicks of the eye could matter for a lot more than understanding how humans make decisions. Studies in monkeys, for example, have suggested that some of the same pathways in the brain that help primates pick between this or that may also break down in people with Parkinson's-a neurological illness in which individuals experience tremors, difficulty moving and other issues.

"We think these eye movements could be something that medical professional's track as a diagnostic tool, a way to identify the progress of certain illnesses."

Eyes, in other words, could be windows to a lot more than just the soul.

Source: Eurekalert