Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Delta and Omicron Variants

Robust cellular immunity against omicron is found to be induced by existing COVID vax, as per a new study published in Nature.

The Omicron variant has been shown to cause breakthrough infections among the vaccinated, thanks to its ability to evade the virus-killing neutralizing antibodies that the body makes in response to getting vaccinated.

‘Current COVID-19 vaccines provide robust protection against severe disease caused by both the Delta and Omicron variants. ’

But the study by researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) demonstrated that existing COVID vaccines induce cellular immunity — or the production of protective immune cells, such as so-called killer and memory cells, even against Omicron.

"Our data provide immunological context for the observation that current vaccines still provide robust protection against severe disease and hospitalization due to the Omicron variant despite substantially reduced neutralizing antibody responses and increased breakthrough infection," said Dan H. Barouch, director of the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research at BIDMC.

The team assessed samples from 47 individuals vaccinated with either the Johnson & Johnson or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines.

The team measured CD8+ T cell and CD4+ T cell responses to the original, Delta, and Omicron strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus after one month and then again after eight months following the final vaccination.

They likewise assessed antibody responses to the variants at one and eight months out.

Consistent with previous reports, the scientists observed minimal cross-reactive Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies.

In contrast, the team's data suggested that Omicron-specific CD8+ T cell responses were more than 80 percent cross-reactive with the CD8+ T cell response to the original strain of the virus.

Similarly, more than 80 percent of Omicron-specific CD4+ T cells demonstrated cross-reactivity, although responses could vary among individuals, the scientists note.

"Given the role of CD8+ T cells in clearance of viral infections, it is likely that cellular immunity contributes substantially to vaccine protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 disease," said Barouch.

"This may be particularly relevant for Omicron which dramatically evades neutralising antibody responses," he added.

Source: IANS