3D Tumor Models Enables Study of How Cancer Works

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Highlights:

• Three-dimensional bioprinting works in the same way that standard printing does, except that the layers are formed of living cells to create biological structures such as skin, vessels, organs, or bone
• The utilization of 3D-bioprinted tumor models is nearing completion in cancer research. They are progressively being adopted by the research community, and [the technology] is being investigated by the pharmaceutical industry for application in cancer treatment development
• As bioprinting may be mechanized, researchers may be able to construct high-quality, complex tumor models on a large scale

Cancer researchers have made significant advances. Cancer deaths in the United States have decreased by 27% in the last two decades, thanks in large part to researchers who continue to unearth the complicated nuances of how cancer works and create advancements in therapy.

Now, the developing technology of 3D bioprinting, which is similar to 3D printing for the human body but uses actual human cells, promises to accelerate that research by allowing scientists to create 3D tumor models that better represent patient samples.

‘3D-bioprinted cancer models have the potential to replace or reduce the use of animals in tumor drug testing. They can provide a more accurate drug response compared to animal models, as animal physiology is slightly different from humans.’

The impact might be 'massive', according to Y. Shrike Zhang, Ph.D., an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and an associate bioengineer at Brigham and Women's Hospital who is researching 3D bioprinting. "It is not the only technique that may allow in vitro tumor modeling, but it is unquestionably one of the most capable."

Difference Between 2D Cell Cultures and 3D Bioprinting

What difference does it make? Because 2D cell cultures, which are often used today, may not reflect all of the complexity of how cancer grows, spreads, and responds to treatment. It's one of the reasons why only 3.4% of possible new cancer treatments survive all clinical trials, according to one estimate. The results of the culture dish may not be transferred to the patient.

A 3D bioprinted model, on the other hand, maybe better at replicating a tumor's 'microenvironment', which includes all of the elements (cells, chemicals, blood arteries) that surround a tumor.

"The tumor microenvironment plays an integral role in defining how cancer progresses," says Madhuri Dey, a Ph.D. candidate and researcher at Penn State University. "In-vitro 3D models are an attempt at reconstituting a [cancer] microenvironment, which sheds light on how tumors respond to chemo or immunotherapeutic treatments when they are present in a native-like microenvironment."

Dey is the lead author of a National Science Foundation-funded study in which breast cancer tumors were 3D-bioprinted and effectively treated. This model, unlike prior 3D models of cancer cells, performed a better job of simulating that microenvironment, according to Dey.

"So far, 3D bioprinting of cancer models has been limited to bioprinting of individual cancer cells laden in hydrogels," she says. However, she and her colleagues developed a technology (called aspiration-assisted bioprinting) that allows them to control the location of blood vessels relative to the tumor. "This model lays the foundation for studying these nuances of cancer," Dey says.

"This is quite cool work," Zhang says of the Penn State study (in which he was not involved). "Vascularization is always a key component in [a] majority of the tumor types." A model that includes blood arteries fills a 'critical niche' in cancer research, allowing tumor models to attain their full potential.

Source: Medindia

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