Intensive Hypertension Control May Reduce Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Aggressive lowering of systolic blood pressure can reduce the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the combination of MCI and dementia, reports a new study. The findings of the study are reported at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference.

"This is the first randomized clinical trial to demonstrate a reduction in new cases of MCI alone and the combined risk of MCI plus all-cause dementia," said Jeff D. Williamson, MD, MHS, Professor of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology and Chief, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at Wake Forest School of Medicine. Williamson reported these results at AAIC 2018.

‘Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the combination of MCI and dementia is significantly reduced with intensive blood pressure control.’

The results of this large-scale, long-term clinical trial provide the strongest evidence to date about reducing the risk of MCI and dementia through the treatment of high blood pressure, which is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease worldwide.

"This study shows more conclusively than ever before that there are things you can do especially regarding cardiovascular disease risk factors to reduce your risk of MCI and dementia," said Maria C. Carrillo, Ph.D., Alzheimer's Association Chief Science Officer. "To reduce new cases of MCI and dementia globally, we must do everything we can as professionals and individuals to reduce blood pressure to the levels indicated in this study, which we know is beneficial to cardiovascular risk."

Carrillo pointed out that these results fit well with recent population data showing reductions in new cases of dementia in developed Western cultures. These lower rates of dementia may be occurring as these societies have begun to improve control of cardiovascular disease risk factors through medication management, reducing smoking, and greater awareness of a healthy lifestyle.

"The future of reducing MCI and dementia could be in treating the whole person with a combination of drugs and modifiable risk factor interventions as we do now in heart disease," Carrillo suggested. "These new blood pressure findings raise our level of anticipation for the U.S. POINTER Study, which includes managing cardiovascular disease risk factors as part of the multi-component lifestyle intervention."

The Alzheimer's Association U.S. Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk (U.S. POINTER) is a two-year clinical trial funded by the Alzheimer's Association to evaluate whether lifestyle interventions can protect cognitive function in older adults at increased risk for cognitive decline. The interventions include physical exercise, nutritional counseling and modification, cognitive and social stimulation, and improved self-management of health status.

Intensive Blood Pressure Control Significantly Reduces New Cases of MCI, and Combined Risk of MCI and Dementia: SPRINT MIND Study

At AAIC 2018, Williamson and colleagues reported preliminary results related to the risk of dementia and cognitive decline from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). SPRINT is a randomized clinical trial that compared two strategies for managing high blood pressure (hypertension) in older adults: an intensive strategy with a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 120 mm Hg versus a standard care strategy targeting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 140 mm Hg. Previously, SPRINT demonstrated that more intensive blood pressure control reduced the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (NEJM, 11-26-15). SPRINT helped inform the 2017 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology high blood pressure clinical guidelines.

SPRINT Memory and Cognition IN Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT-MIND) examined whether treating to the lower blood pressure target reduces the risk of developing dementia and MCI, and reduces the total volume of white matter lesions in the brain as shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Study participants were 9,361 hypertensive older adults with increased cardiovascular risk (based on the Framingham risk score) but without diagnosed diabetes, dementia or prior stroke. Participant mean age was 67.9 years (35.6% women) and 8,626 (92.1%) completed at least one follow-up cognitive assessment. In SPRINT MIND, the primary outcome was incident probable dementia.

Secondary outcomes included MCI and a composite outcome of MCI and probable dementia. Each outcome was adjudicated by an expert panel blinded to who was in each treatment group.

Recruitment for SPRINT began in October 2010. At one year, mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mmHg in the intensive-treatment group and 136.2 mmHg in the standard treatment group. Treatment was stopped in August 2015 due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefit after a median follow up of 3.26 years, but cognitive assessment continued until June 2018.

Intervention According to NEJM, 11-26-15, "All major classes of antihypertensive agents were included in the formulary and were provided at no cost to the participants. SPRINT investigators could also prescribe other antihypertensive medications (not provided by the study). The protocol encouraged, but did not mandate, the use of drug classes with the strongest evidence for a reduction in cardiovascular outcomes, including thiazide-type diuretics (encouraged as the first-line agent), loop diuretics (for participants with advanced chronic kidney disease), and beta-adrenergic blockers (for those with coronary artery disease)."

"Participants were seen monthly for the first three months and every three months thereafter. Medications for participants in the intensive-treatment group were adjusted on a monthly basis to target systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg. For participants in the standard-treatment group, medications were adjusted to target systolic blood pressure of 135 to 139 mm Hg, and the dose was reduced if systolic blood pressure was less than 130 mm Hg on a single visit or less than 135 mm Hg on two consecutive visits. Lifestyle modification was encouraged as part of the management strategy."

In SPRINT MIND, the researchers found a statistically significant 19 percent lower rate of new cases of MCI (p=0.01) in the intensive blood pressure treatment group. The combined outcome of MCI plus probable all-cause dementia was 15 percent lower (p=0.02) in the intensive versus standard treatment group. There was a non-significant reduction in probable dementia alone (HR=0.83, p=0.10). Adverse events According to NEJM, 11-26-15, "Serious adverse events occurred in 1793 participants in the intensive-treatment group (38.3%) and 1736 participants in the standard-treatment group (37.1%) (hazard ratio with intensive treatment, 1.04; P=0.25).

Serious adverse events of hypotension, syncope, electrolyte abnormalities, and acute kidney injury or acute renal failure, but not injurious falls or bradycardia, occurred more frequently in the intensive-treatment group than in the standard-treatment group. Orthostatic hypotension as assessed during a clinic visit was significantly less common in the intensive-treatment group. A total of 220 participants in the intensive-treatment group (4.7%) and 118 participants in the standard-treatment group (2.5%) had serious adverse events that were classified as possibly or definitely related to the intervention (hazard ratio, 1.88; P<0.001) [but overall number of SAEs by group did not differ]. The magnitude and pattern of differences in adverse events according to treatment assignment among participants 75 years of age or older were similar to those in the overall cohort."

"These results support the need to maintain well-controlled blood pressure, especially for persons over the age of 50," said Williamson.

"A particular strength of SPRINT-MIND is that 30 percent of the participants were African American and 10 percent were Hispanic."

"This is something doctors, and the majority of their community-dwelling patients with elevated blood pressure should be doing now to keep their hearts and brains healthier. These new results for maintaining cognitive health provide another strong rationale for starting and maintaining healthy lifestyle changes in mid-life," Williamson added.

SPRINT MIND MRI Results

In a related abstract reported at AAIC 2018, Ilya Nasrallah, MD, Ph.D., of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, reported preliminary results from 673 participants in SPRINT MIND who were recruited for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Primary outcomes included change in total white matter lesion (WML) volume and total brain volume (TBV). Follow-up MRIs were obtained for 454 (67.4%) participants at a median of 3.98 years post-randomization.

In this sub-study, WML volume increased in both treatment groups. However, the increase was significantly less in the intensive treatment group. There was no significant difference in total brain volume change.

In the intensive treatment group, WML volume increased by 0.28 cm3 compared to 0.92 cm3 in the standard treatment group (mean difference=0.64 cm3, p=0.004).

TBV decreased by 27.3 cm3 in the intensive treatment group versus 24.8 cm3 in the standard treatment group (mean difference=2.54 cm3, p=0.16).

White matter lesions are frequently indicative of small vessel disease and linked to higher risk of stroke, dementia, and higher mortality. While white matter lesions are thought to increase the risk of vascular dementia, they also may be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. People living with dementia may have Alzheimer's disease and white matter lesions at the same time. Research has demonstrated that when people have more than one type of disease-related brain changes, the cognitive consequences are greater.

Genomic Analysis of Phase 2a Alzheimer's Study with ANAVEX�2-73 May Enable a Precision Medicine Approach "Precision medicine involves giving the right therapy to the right patient at the right time, customized to his or her specific biological makeup," says Professor Harald Hampel, MD, PhD, MA, MSc, AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University Excellence Chair, Department of Neurology, Sorbonne University, Paris.

Precision medicine emphasizes the customization and individualization of healthcare, with treatments and practices tailored to the specific patient's situation and needs, often taking into account genes, environment, and lifestyle. Sometimes called personalized medicine, it is a common approach to cancer and respiratory diseases.

At AAIC 2018, Hampel and colleagues reported results of an innovative attempt to move a step closer to precision medicine in Alzheimer's therapy trials. Anavex Life Sciences (AVXL) conducted a 57-week Phase 2a study with ANAVEX�2-73, a selective sigma-1 receptor agonist, in 32 people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and analyzed the entire genome DNA and RNA of all study participants, resulting in the analysis of 33,311 genes and 860 pathways.

The company identified several genetic variants that impacted response to the drug, including SIGMAR1, which is ANAVEX�2-73's target, and COMT, a gene involved in memory function. They found further that excluding people with these variants (~20% of the study group) leaving about 80% of the population resulted in improved scores on gold standard tests of cognition (MMSE) and activities of daily living (ADCS-ADL) (p<0.05).

Including participants with milder disease (baseline MMSE?20) and excluding those with a SIGMAR1 variant resulted in an improvement of 1.7 MMSE and 3.9 ADCS-ADL at week 57. The additional exclusion of the COMT variant resulted in a score improvement of 2.0 MMSE and 4.9 ADCS-ADL at week 57.

"This study represents an exciting step forward, away from the 'magic bullet, one-size-fits-all' drug development in Alzheimer's, following the targeted therapy successes in the field of oncology," Hampel said. "Our vision is that a precision medicine approach will allow us to more precisely treat and prevent key features of the cause and progression of Alzheimer's. We are intrigued that several studies with this novel approach are now planned or underway."

Source: Eurekalert