Melanopsin Signal may Express How the Human Eye Perceives Brightness
New study sheds light on the importance of light-sensing cells in the retina that process visual information. The findings could offer more effective therapies for complications that relate to the eye. The findings of the study are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
The researchers isolated the functions of melanopsin cells and demonstrated their crucial role in the perception of the visual environment. This usher in a new understanding of the biology of the eye and how visual information is processed.
‘Melanopsin signals play a significant role in the estimation of the absolute intensity of the light environment by achieving absolute brightness information even when cones are adapted by light. ’
The findings could serve as the basis for developing lighting and display systems.
The back of the human eye is lined with the retina, a layer of various types of cells, called photoreceptors, that respond to different amounts of light. The cells that process a lot of light are called cones, and those that process lower levels of light are named rods.
Up until recently, researchers had thought that when light struck the retina, rods and cones were the only two kinds of cells that react. Recent discoveries have revealed an entirely new type of cells, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Unlike rods and cones, ipRGCs contain melanopsin, a photopigment that is sensitive to light. While it has been established that ipRGCs are involved in keeping the brain's internal clock in sync with changes in daylight, their importance in the detection of the amount of light had not yet been well understood.
"Until now, the role of retinal melanopsin cells and how they contribute to the perception of the brightness of light has been unclear," said Katsunori Okajima, a professor at the Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University and one of the authors of the study.
"We've found that melanopsin plays a crucial role in the human ability to see how well-lit the environment is. These findings are redefining the conventional system of light detection that so far has only taken into consideration two variables, namely brightness and the amount of incoming light. Our results suggest that brightness perception should rely on a third variable the intensity of a stimulus that targets melanopsin."
In the study, the authors showed how cones and melanopsin combine to allow the perception of brightness. In order to better assess the contribution of melanopsin to the detection of light, the melanopsin's signals were isolated from cones and rods. This separation allowed for more accurate observation of the melanopsin signal alone. Visual stimuli were carefully designed and positioned in order to stimulate the light-sensitive chemical specifically. Also, the researchers used tracking software to measure study participants' pupil diameters under each visual stimulus. This served as a way to determine the relationship between brightness perception and the actual visual stimulus intensity on the retina.
The researchers were able to show that the varying brightness levels of an image that was perceived as a sum of the melanopsin response and the response that is generated by the cones. The former is a linear readout, and the latter is not. The results also show that melanopsin is not a minor contributor in brightness perception. Rather, it is a crucial player in brightness perception.
Source: Eurekalert