Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure Linked to Growth Delays in Kids

Children who are exposed to prenatal air pollution are more likely to experience growth delays, reports a new study. The findings of the study are published in the journal Environmental Health.

However, very little is known about how air pollution affects physical growth in the first years of life. A new study by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a center supported by the "la Caixa" Foundation, has found an association between exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and delays in physical growth in the early years after birth.

‘Adverse effects of air pollution begin in the prenatal phase, hence pregnant women should be considered a priority group in public health policies aimed at decreasing the population's exposure to air pollution. ’

The Spanish study analyzed data from more than 1,700 mother-child pairs from Asturias, Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia enrolled in the birth cohort of the INMA Environment and Childhood Project.

The researchers estimated the exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)--two of the most common traffic-related air pollutants in cities--during the first trimester of pregnancy, using models based on levels of these pollutants measured in the study area. The evolution of the children's body mass index (BMI) from birth to age four years was recorded. Height and weight were measured at four years of age.

The results showed that greater exposure to particulate matter during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of lower weight and body mass index at four years of age. Results for NO2 exposure were similar but did not reach statistical significance.

"This prospective study suggests that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may be associated with delays in physical growth in the first years of life," commented ISGlobal researcher Serena Fossati, lead author of the study. "The implication of our findings is that prenatal exposure to air pollutants has a lasting effect on growth after birth and that this parameter should be followed up at later ages."

The biological mechanisms underpinning the adverse effects of air pollution on childhood growth "remain unclear," according to ISGlobal researcher Martine Vrijheid, the study coordinator. "The hypotheses we are considering include oxidative stress and inflammation, interference with thyroid hormones, induction of cell death due to DNA damage, and an increased risk of respiratory diseases and other health problems that could delay growth."

"What is clear is that the adverse effects of air pollution begin in the prenatal phase, so pregnant women should be considered a priority group in public health policies aimed at reducing the population's exposure to air pollution," concluded Vrijheid.

Source: Eurekalert