Study Explains How Semen Triggers Ovulation, Offers Fresh Insight on Human Fertility
A new study has revealed a protein in semen that acts on the female brain to prompt ovulation, and is the same molecule that regulates the growth, maintenance, and survival of nerve cells.
Male mammals have accessory sex glands that contribute seminal fluid to semen, but the role of this fluid and the glands that produce it are not well understood.
"From the results of our research, we now know that these glands produce large amounts of a protein that has a direct effect on the female," said Gregg Adams, a professor of veterinary biomedical sciences at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, who led the team.
The work raises intriguing questions about fertility in mammals, including humans.
The team characterized the protein, dubbed ovulation-inducing factor (OIF), that they have found in the semen of all species of mammal they have looked at so far. In the process of discovering its identity, the team compared OIF to thousands of other proteins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), which is found primarily in nerve cells throughout the body.
"To our surprise, it turns out they are the same molecule. Even more surprising is that the effects of NGF in the female were not recognized earlier, since it's so abundant in seminal plasma," Adams said.
While OIF/NGF may function differently from animal to animal, it is present in all mammals studied so far, from llamas, cattle and koalas to pigs, rabbits, mice, and humans. This implies an important role in reproduction in all mammals. Just how it works, its role in various species, and its clinical relevance to human infertility are a few of the questions that remain to be answered.
OIF/NGF in the semen acts as a hormonal signal, working through the hypothalamus of the female brain and the pituitary gland. This triggers the release of other hormones that signal the ovaries to release an egg (or eggs, depending on the species).
For this latest study, the team looked at two species: llamas and cattle. Llamas are "induced ovulators," that is, they ovulate only when they have been inseminated. Cows - and humans - are "spontaneous ovulators," meaning that a regular build-up of hormones stimulates the release of an egg.
Using a variety of techniques, the researchers compared OIF and NGF and found them to have the same size and to cause the same effects across species.
The finding appeared in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Source: ANI