Causes, Symptoms and Signs of Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma

What are the Causes of Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma?

The exact risk factor is largely unknown though a common trigger is considered to cause related solid and hematopoietic tumors associated with thymic tumors.

Genes, such as MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia) have been detected in invasive thymoma while GTF2 mutations are found in localized thymomas.

Infectious agents or environmental factors have not been implicated in causing thymic tumors.

What are the Symptoms and Signs of Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma?

Thymomas are not discovered until the time of radiographic imaging in nearly half the cases. The other half of thymomas is detected in conjunction with other rare disorders (paraneoplastic syndromes) or due to persistent symptoms, such as persistent cough, breathing difficulty, or chest pain. It is then advisable to get a scan done. The paraneoplastic conditions include red cell aplasia, myasthenia gravis, and hypogammaglobulinemia. You also observe symptoms linked to superior vena cava syndrome. Nearly 30-50 percent of individuals with thymoma are affected with myasthenia gravis.

References:

1. The thymus: A comprehensive review - (https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/rg.262045213)
2. Thymoma and thymic carcinoma treatment (PDQ�) - Patient version - (https://www.cancer.gov/types/thymoma/patient/thymoma-treatment-pdq)
3. About thymoma and thymic carcinoma - (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/6196-thymoma-and-thymic-carcinoma)
4. Diagnosis of thymoma - (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860528/)
5. Role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of thymoma. - (https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.317115505)
6. Histologic classification of thymoma: A practical guide for routine cases - (https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(15)33335-9/pdf)
7. Thymoma: benign appearance, malignant potential. - (http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/11/8/887.full.html)
8. Long term oncological outcome of thymoma and thymic carcinoma � an analysis of 235 cases from a single institution - (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179527)
9. Surface expression of Notch1 on thymocytes: Correlation with the double-negative to double-positive transition - (http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/171/5/2296.full.pdf)

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