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Understanding Acute/Emergency Abdominal Pain

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Pavithra, BDS on Dec 27, 2023


About

Pain, whether acute or chronic, demands attention. Acute abdomen, marked by sudden, severe abdominal pain, signals potential emergencies. Prompt identification and intervention are crucial for optimal outcomes.


Common Causes of Acute Abdominal Pain

Common causes of an acute abdomen include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and diverticulitis. If a hollow organ ruptures it spills its content into the abdominal cavity and causes acute peritonitis causing generalized acute pain(1).

1. Appendicitis, Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis, and Diverticulitis

2. Urinary Causes

3. Urological Concerns in Adults

4. Gynecological Factors in Young Women

5. Pediatric Considerations

Appendicitis remains a prevalent cause of acute pediatric abdomen, demanding swift medical attention(2).


Demographics for Acute Abdominal Pain

Age and Gender

Medical History: Individuals with a history of certain medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or diabetes, may develop acute abdominal pain.

Prevalence: Abdominal pain accounts for 7-10% of emergency department visits.(3)


Symptoms and Signs of Acute Abdominal Pain

Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain

Medical History: Questions about medical history, pain location, onset, description, relieving/aggravating factors, past symptoms, medications, surgeries, bowel/urinary habits, and pregnancy status (for women/AFAB).

Physical exam: palpation, auscultation, and specific exams based on symptoms.

Laboratory Tests: Complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), arterial blood gas (ABG), amylase test, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and urinalysis.

Imaging Tests: Abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT scan, endoscopic ultrasound.

Diagnostic Laparoscopy or Exploratory Laparotomy: May be performed based on findings from other diagnostic methods.

Treatment, Prevention and Prognosis of Acute Abdominal Pain

Surgical Treatment: Surgery may involve removing damaged organs, addressing blockages, stopping internal bleeding, or repairing injuries.

Nonsurgical Treatment: Stabilization, monitoring vital signs, administration of fluids, antibiotics, pain relievers, and antiemetics.

Prevention: There is no specific prevention for acute abdomen as it can stem from various causes, many of which are not preventable. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle, incorporating a balanced diet, and engaging in regular exercise are recommended practices.

These habits contribute to overall well-being and may indirectly mitigate some risk factors associated with certain causes of acute abdominal pain. While preventive measures may not eliminate all potential triggers, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can positively impact one's general health and potentially reduce the risk of specific conditions contributing to acute abdomen.

Prognosis: The prognosis for acute abdomen is intricately tied to its underlying cause. Swift and immediate treatment significantly enhances overall outcomes, often preventing the progression of complications. However, if left untreated, acute abdomen may lead to severe complications such as fistula formation, tissue necrosis, sepsis, or even death.

Conclusion

Timely diagnosis, coupled with appropriate medical interventions, plays a pivotal role in shaping the prognosis and minimizing the potential risks associated with acute abdominal conditions. Regular medical monitoring and adherence to recommended treatments are crucial factors in ensuring a positive and improved prognosis for individuals experiencing acute abdomen.

References:

  1. The Acute Abdomen - (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK412/)
  2. The Role of Noncontrast CT in the Evaluation of Surgical Abdomen Patients - (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29981641/)
  3. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute abdominal pain in a large urban Emergency Department: retrospective analysis of 5,340 cases - (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075866/)

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