What is Scorpion Sting?
A scorpion sting or scorpion bite is an injury caused by a scorpion's stinger. Scorpions are arachnids that are related to spiders and ticks and may be found all over the world. Scorpions defend themselves and subdue victims using their stingers. Scorpions may sting with their long, flexible tails().
There are around 1500 species of scorpions worldwide, 50 of which are harmful to humans, particularly Mesobuthus tamulus (Indian red scorpion) and Heterometrus swammerdami, which are medically significant scorpions(). The only scorpion in the United States that can produce significant symptoms is the bark scorpion, which is yellow-brown (tan) or orange in appearance().
The venom of a scorpion sting can cause a range of symptoms, from mild pain and swelling at the site of the sting to more serious reactions such as
Scorpion sting envenomation is a potentially fatal emergency condition in children, causing severe neurological, cardiac, and respiratory system involvement, anaphylactic shock, and death(). If you have been stung by a scorpion and are unsure what the sting looks like, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible, as scorpion stings can be potentially dangerous and require prompt treatment.
Epidemiology of Scorpion Sting
Scorpion stings are a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, with an annual incidence of over 1.23 million cases and a fatality rate of up to 30% in some regions. However, with the advent of vasodilators, scorpion antivenom, and intensive care management, the fatality rate has dropped to 2-4%. Despite this progress, the actual burden of scorpion stings is likely underestimated because many victims do not seek medical treatment or consult traditional healers.
The venomous species in the Middle East include Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus tamulus, Mesobuthus eupeus, Parabuthus liosoma, B. occiptanus, and L. quinquestriatus. In Khuzestan, South-west Iran, scorpion stings are among the leading causes of death, with 90% of fatalities attributed to Hemiscorpius lepturus. India is the most affected country in Asia, with a reported incidence of 0.6%. A higher incidence of scorpion stings occurs during hot months, which is attributed to an increase in agricultural activities. Severe scorpion stings due to the Mesobuthus tamulus species of scorpion per month reported are from the Kokan region().
What Does a Scorpion Sting Look Like?
A scorpion sting can vary in appearance depending upon the species of scorpion and the individual characteristics of the sting. Generally, scorpion bite marks look like small puncture wounds or lacerations (cut injuries) on the skin, often accompanied by swelling, redness, and pain around the affected area.
The size and depth of the sting can also vary, with some stings being very small and barely visible, while others may be larger and more pronounced. Some scorpion stings may also leave behind a distinctive mark or pattern, such as a circular or horseshoe-shaped imprint.
Scorpion Bite Symptoms
Symptoms of a scorpion sting can vary depending on the severity of the sting, the type of scorpion, and the individual's sensitivity to the venom. Some common symptoms of a scorpion sting include():
- Swelling and inflammation at the bite site
- Pain or burning sensation at the bite site
- Numbness or tingling: may occur in the skin area around the sting and can spread to other parts of the body
- Muscle twitches
- Slurred speech
- Roving eyes
- Restlessness
- Abdominal pain and cramps
- Hyper Salivation
- Low grade Fever
Excessive sweating Difficulty in swallowing
In rare cases, severe scorpion stings can cause more serious symptoms, including convulsions, seizures, and even death especially in Children and old age.
Diagnosis of Scorpion Sting
A "tap test" may be used by your healthcare professional to diagnose a scorpion sting. In this test, your physician will touch the area where you were stung to see if the discomfort worsens. This is an indication of a scorpion sting().
Scorpion Bite Treatment
First Aid
If a scorpion stung you, the first thing to do is to get the scorpion out of the region where it was attached, if possible. Soap and water should then be used to clean the area, and a cold compress should be used to minimize pain and swelling.
Pain Relief
Using analgesics with anti-inflammatory properties can be helpful().
Allergic control
Treatment based on Grading
- Grade I
- Symptoms: Localized pain (sometimes accompanied by tingling, redness, bruising, and blisters).
- Treatment: Oral aspirin at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 4 hours.
- Grade II
- Symptoms
- Mild systemic envenomation
Symptoms of grade I + fever, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms such as rapid heart rate,
irregular heart rhythm , shortness of breath,high or low blood pressure , abnormal heartbeat, prolonged erection, excessive secretions such as saliva, sweat and mucus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, abdominal bloating, cramps, neuromuscular disorders affecting either skeletal or cranial muscles, confusion, restlessness, muscle twitching, abnormal vision, droopy eyelids, and uncontrolled eye movements, biological disorders such as high white blood cell count, high blood sugar, and acidosis, and evidence of tissue damage. - Treatment: Grade I treatment + Immunotherapy, with dose based on antivenom potency. Oral
prazosin at a dose of 30 μg/kg every 6 hours. Oral or intravenous midazolam at a dose of 0.05–0.2 mg/kg (or rectal diazepam at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg) every 12 hours. - Grade III
- Symptoms
- Life-threatening envenomation
Symptoms of grade I and II + failure of multiple organs and systems such as
heart ,lungs ,kidneys , liver, and blood vessels, profuse sweating, neuromuscular disorders affecting both skeletal and cranial muscles, convulsions, paralysis, and decreased level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤6 in the absence of sedation), and severe laboratory abnormalities such as low oxygen saturation, elevated biomarkers of tissue injury, and electrolyte imbalances. - Treatment: Grade I and II treatment + Transfer to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for critical care management().
Arizona Bark Scorpion Sting Treatment
An Arizona bark scorpion sting can be a medical emergency, especially for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing, as well as administering antivenom if necessary.
What to do if a Scorpion Bites You
If you have been bitten by a scorpion, it is important to take prompt action to ensure that the bite does not cause any serious health complications. Here are the steps you should take as a home remedy:
Stay Calm
Try to remain calm and still as possible to slow the spread of venom.
Wash the Area
Wash the bite site with soap and water to remove any dirt and debris.
Elevate the Affected Limb
If the bite is on a limb, elevate the affected area to help slow the spread of venom.
Apply a Cool Compress
Place a cool, damp cloth or ice pack on the bite site to reduce pain and swelling.
Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if you experience any severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, or rapid heartbeat().
Garlic for Scorpion Sting
Garlic has long been used as a natural cure for scorpion stings in several cultures. Unfortunately, the scientific evidence supporting the use of garlic for this purpose is minimal. Garlic possesses anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities that may be useful in treating scorpion stings. It may also aid in the reduction of discomfort and edema. It is crucial to emphasize, however, that garlic should not be taken as a substitute for medical therapy. If you are bitten by a scorpion, you must seek medical assistance right away.
Home Remedy for Scorpion Bite on Dog
When treating scorpion stings on your dog, it's important to remove any stingers with extreme caution. Antihistamines can help alleviate symptoms, but be sure to consult your veterinarian for proper dosage instructions. To provide immediate relief, apply a cold compress and encourage your dog to rest in a cool place. Unfortunately, there are no specific at-home remedies for scorpion stings for dogs, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms such as swelling and discomfort.
If your dog's condition worsens or fails to improve despite first aid efforts, seek veterinary attention immediately. Your veterinarian may prescribe antihistamines, steroids, pain medication, wound treatment, or other supportive care to help your dog recover. ().
Prevention of Scorpion Sting
Put on protective clothing
If you reside in a region where scorpions are widespread, it's a good idea to put on protective clothing, such as long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and closed-toe shoes, particularly when outdoors or in locations where scorpions may be hiding. Keep your home clean since scorpions are drawn to dirt and clutter, which might help you avoid them setting up residence there. Keep all food stored in airtight containers and eliminate any pieces of wood, rocks, or rubbish outside your home. Scorpions may enter your home through even the slightest holes and gaps, so it's crucial to seal any home openings, including doors, windows, and cracks in the walls.
Employ pest control
If you reside in a region where scorpions are widespread, you should consider hiring pest control services to keep scorpions out of use. While spending time outside, especially in regions where scorpions are known to reside, be cautious about where you step and what you touch. Scorpions can hide under rocks, wood piles, and other debris, so take precautions and wear protective clothes().
