Blood Cancers: New Generation Stem Cell Transplant Decreases Complications for Patients

UM171 molecule discovery has been hailed by some as a revolution, even a miracle, in the field of blood stem cell transplantation as the UM171 molecule is delivering on its promise. The findings of the study are published in he Lancet Haematology.// After the two-year clinical trial, which used the UM171 molecule in blood stem cell transplants for 22 patients with acute blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, or other bone marrow cancers, the rates of graft rejection and mortality linked to these transplants were considerably reduced. These spectacular results, obtained by a team of researchers led by Dr. Sandra Cohen, professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Université de Montréal and hematologist at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital.

Making better use of umbilical cords

More than 100,000 patients worldwide undergo a blood stem cell transplant each year as a last-resort treatment for various blood diseases. About half of these treatments fail because the disease returns, or as the result of graft versus host disease (cGVHD), or because the patient dies due to the chemotherapy and radiation treatments that accompany the transplant.

The stem cells used for these transplants are mainly harvested from the blood itself (50% of treatments) or from bone marrow (43% of cases). Only 7% of transplants use stem cells harvested from umbilical cord blood.

"Although the rate of graft versus host disease when using umbilical cord blood stem cells is low, these cells are rarely used because the cords are small and do not contain a sufficient quantity of cells to treat an adult," explained Dr. Sauvageau, who researches the molecular genetics of stem cells at the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) of the Université de Montréal.

This is where the UM171 molecule, named in honor of the Université de Montréal, comes into the picture. It is now capable of multiplying the number of stem cells present in a unit of umbilical cord blood 10- to 80-fold. The molecule is the culmination of a dozen years of research carried out by Dr. Sauvageau's team of biologists and a team of chemists led by Anne Marinier, a professor in the Université de Montréal's Department of Chemistry and Principal Investigator and Director of the Drug Discovery Core Facility at IRIC. Of the 5,000 molecules they tested, UM171 was the only one that showed a significant proliferative effect. It was synthesized into 600 versions by the chemists in order to detect the most effective form.

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"In just seven days, UM171 multiplies the stem cells by an average of 30 fold, while at the same time providing a rejuvenating effect on the cells by blocking the aging process," said Guy Sauvageau.

Between 2016 and 2018, 22 adult patients with advanced blood cancer participated in the clinical trial at Montreal's Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, with funding support from the Stem Cell Network, the Canadian Cancer Society and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Some of the participants in the study had already undergone an unsuccessful stem cell transplant. The results far exceeded expectations. None of the patients developed the chronic autoimmune disease as a result of the transplant, and only one patient died from complications during the trials.

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"The most impressive result is the low mortality rate associated with UM171 transplantation compared to conventional cord transplantation," stated Dr. Sandra Cohen.

"Not a single patient needed immunosuppression treatment after 13 months, whereas with normal transplants, 50 percent of patients require such treatment at that point," added Guy Sauvageau. "No other biotechnology procedure has produced these kinds of results."

Boosting the immune system

By dramatically boosting the stem cell content, the procedure considerably increases the number of usable umbilical cords, even the smallest cords. This, in turn, greatly increases the availability of genetically matched cord blood between donors and recipients.

"While only five percent of umbilical cords are used when working with the conventional method, our procedure brings that proportion up to 50 percent," the Investigator pointed out. "This allows us to increase the availability of genetically compatible transplants by 50 to 80%."

An analysis of the molecular process triggered by UM171 shows that not only does it greatly expand the number of stem cells in cord blood, it also changes the composition of the graft by multiplying the number of dendritic cells 600-fold and the number of mastocytes 8,000-fold. These two cell types play vital roles in the immune system.

The benefits of UM171 are unmatched by any other process: it allows for rapid and durable engraftment, accelerates reconstitution of the immune system, less frequently triggers fever, and results in very few transplant-related diseases, not to mention that the mortality rate is extremely low. In addition, stem cell transplants using umbilical cord blood carry no risk for the donor and the process of expanding the number of cells, thanks to UM171.

"We will soon conduct a Phase 3 clinical trial in the hope of obtaining approval from the Food and Drug Administration, which would then make this promising treatment available to the general population as quickly as possible," pointed out Dr. Sauvageau and Dr. Cohen.

Americans give the green light to a clinical trial

Another clinical trial, also conducted with high-risk leukemia patients, will soon launch in the United States, and Dr. Sauvageau is very hopeful that many of them will be saved. The new study has already obtained the approval of the Food and Drug Administration, which authorizes drug research and commercialization in the U.S.

Since UM171 was discovered and synthesized at IRIC, the Université de Montréal is the sole proprietor of this molecule, which is covered by an exclusive international license granted to ExCellThera, a Montreal-based advanced clinical-stage biotechnology company that delivers molecules and bioengineering solutions to expand blood stem and immune cells for therapeutic use.

Source-Eurekalert