Combination Therapy Holds Promise for Infants With Deadly Leukemia

Combination targeted therapy can treat deadly type of leukemia found in some infants who are too sensitive to receive full-blown chemotherapy, according to the City of Hope researchers who published their findings in the journal Genes & Development. Called "mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL)," this blood cancer subtype comes with bleak health outcomes (overall survival rate is less than 50%), disease recurrence and development of resistance to existing therapies.

"Our proof-of-concept animal experiments revealed a promising combination targeted therapy that may one day provide lifesaving treatment to babies, young children, teenagers and adults who do not have many options currently," said Markus Müschen, M.D., Ph.D., chair of the Department of Systems Biology at City of Hope and corresponding author of the new study. "The next step is to test our theory in clinical trials."

About 10% of B-ALL involve abnormal separation and then relocation of chromosome parts in the MLL gene on chromosome 11.

"Treatment options for infants with leukemia are limited, and patients with MLL-rearranged leukemia are in a group with particularly poor outcomes," Müschen said. "The vast majority of infants and newborns with leukemia actually carry an MLL-rearrangement, so we are very pleased that this combination treatment concept may eventually help this group of patients."

The science that led to the discovery

Müschen and his colleagues analyzed gene expression data from a clinical trial that involved 207 pediatric patients who were at high-risk for B-ALL. They noticed higher-than-normal amounts of BCL6 proteins at disease diagnosis, quicker cancer recurrence and reduced overall survival.

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Pulling the data of 49 patients from that pediatric clinical trial, City of Hope researchers noticed BCL6 messenger RNA levels were significantly higher in patients whose cancer relapsed. They observed that patients lacking MLL gene rearrangements had low BCL6 protein levels. Some 85% of them were alive and relapse-free four years after diagnosis. In contrast, only 37% of patients with MLL-rearranged B-ALL experienced relapse-free survival four years after diagnosis. This group tended to have high levels of the BCL6 protein.

The untangling of this data prompted Müschen and his colleagues to conduct experiments involving patient samples and mouse models. They found that most mice with MLL-rearranged B-ALL have abnormal BCL6 protein levels and that BCL6 was rarely found in other kinds of B-ALL.

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When the MLL gene was introduced to mouse models, the result was a 10- to 25-fold increase in BCL6 protein levels. In fact, the researchers observed that the BCL6 protein and MLL gene have a symbiotic relationship where each helps the other exist and multiply.

Through other experiments, the researchers discovered that BCL6 blocks the function of a protein commonly known as BIM (BCL2L11), which is responsible for killing tumors and preventing cancer progression.

They found that the peptide RI-BPI and the small molecule FX1 could unblock this pathway so that BIM could function normally and kill tumors. Further testing showed that RI-BPI and FX1 work synergistically with ABT-199, a small molecule targeted therapy that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma.

"Our experiments showed that turning off BCL6 in combination with using ABT-199 could be a simple and nontoxic way to overcome drug resistance," Müschen said. "We've proven the method works in mouse models. Now we're passing this knowledge on to scientists worldwide so that our proposed combination targeted therapy can be tested in clinical trials."



Source-Eurekalert