Common Chemotherapy Drugs: Are We Overlooking Their True Impact?

Chemotherapy might not be realizing its complete efficacy, partly due to a longstanding misconception among researchers and doctors regarding the mechanisms by which some of the most prevalent cancer drugs combat tumors. (1^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Diverse microtubule-targeted anticancer agents kill cells by inducing chromosome missegregation on multipolar spindles

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Redefining Cancer Treatment: New Insights on Microtubule Poisons' Mechanisms

For decades, researchers have believed that a class of drugs called microtubule poisons treat cancerous tumors by halting mitosis, or the division of cells. Now, a team of University of Wisconsin-Madison scientists has found that in patients, microtubule poisons don't actually stop cancer cells from dividing. Instead, these drugs alter mitosis -- sometimes enough to cause new cancer cells to die and the disease to regress. Cancers grow and spread because cancerous cells divide and multiply indefinitely, unlike normal cells which are limited in the number of times they can split into new cells.The assumption that microtubule poisons stop cancer cells from dividing is based on lab studies demonstrating just that.

Published in the journal PLOS Biology the study broadens previous findings about a specific microtubule poison called paclitaxel. Sometimes prescribed under the brand name Taxol, paclitaxel is used to treat common malignancies including those originating in the ovaries and lungs.

"For decades, we all thought that the way paclitaxel works in patient tumors is by arresting them in mitosis. This is what I was taught as a graduate student. We all 'knew' this. In cells in a dish, labs all over the world have shown this. The problem was we were all using it at concentrations higher than those that actually get into the tumor," said Beth Weaver, a professor in the departments of oncology and cell and regenerative biology about the previous research.

Exploring Microtubule Poisons: Beyond Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer Treatment

Weaver and her team wanted to know if other microtubule poisons work the same way as paclitaxel -- not by stopping mitosis but by messing it up. The team studied tumor samples taken from breast cancer patients who received standard anti-microtubule chemotherapy. They measured how much of the drugs made it into the tumors and studied how the tumor cells responded. They found that while the cells continued to divide after being exposed to the drug, they did so abnormally.This abnormal division can lead to tumor cell death.

Normally, a cell's chromosomes are duplicated before the two identical sets migrate to opposite ends of the cell mitosis in a process called chromosomal segregation. One set of chromosomes is sorted into each of two new cells. This migration occurs because the chromosomes are attached to a cellular machine known as the mitotic spindle. Spindles are made from cellular building blocks called microtubules.

Normal spindles have two ends, known as spindle poles.Weaver found that paclitaxel and other microtubule poisons cause abnormalities that lead cells to form three, four or sometimes five poles during mitosis even as they continue to make just one copy of chromosomes. These poles then attract the two complete sets of chromosomes in more than two directions, scrambling the genome."So, after mitosis you have daughter cells that are no longer genetically identical and have lost chromosomes," Weaver said.

Reference:

1. Diverse microtubule-targeted anticancer agents kill cells by inducing chromosome missegregation on multipolar spindles - (https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002339)

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