Genetic Code for Pancreatic Cancer

Researchers from John Hopkins have figured out the genetic code for a type of pancreatic cancer called neuroendocrine or islet cell tumors.

Researchers from John Hopkins have figured out the genetic code for a type of pancreatic cancer called neuroendocrine or islet cell tumors. Patients with coding mistake live twice as long as those without the coding mistake, says the research work.

"One of the most significant things we learned is that each patient with this kind of rare cancer has a unique genetic code that predicts how aggressive the disease is and how sensitive it is to specific treatments," said Nickolas Papadopoulos,of the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.

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For the new study, the team investigated non-hormonal pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in 68 men and women. Patients whose tumors had mutations in three genes - MEN-1, DAXX and ATRX - lived at least 10 years after diagnosis, while more than 60 percent of patients whose tumors lacked these mutations died within five years of diagnosis.

The Johns Hopkins team, which previously mapped six other cancer types, used automated tools to create a genetic 'map' that provides clues to how tumors develop, grow and spread.

Within the code are individual chemicals called nucleotides, which pair together in a pre-programmed fashion to build DNA and, in turn, a genome. Combinations of these nucleotide letters form genes, which provide instructions that guide cell activity.

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Changes in the nucleotide pairs, called mutations, can create coding errors that transform a normal cell into a cancerous one.

The most prevalent mutation, in the MEN-1 gene, occurred in more than 44 percent of all 68 tumors. MEN-1, which has been previously linked to many cancers, creates proteins that regulate how long strands of DNA are twisted and shaped into dense packets that open and close depending on when genes need to be activated.

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Two other commonly mutated genes, DAXX and ATRX, which had not previously been linked to cancer, also have epigenetic effects on how DNA is read.

Of the samples studied, mutations in DAXX and ATRX were found in 25 percent and 17.6 percent, respectively.

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"To effectively detect and kill cancers, it may be important to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics that take aim at both epigenetic and genetic processes," said Kenneth Kinzler, of the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.

The work has been described in Science Express.

Source-ANI