Gut Bug's Survival Depends on Corkscrew Shape

Scientists have found that the shape of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is critical in its ability to colonize the stomach.

Scientists have found that the shape of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which lives in the human stomach and is associated with ulcers and gastric cancer, is critical in its ability to colonize the stomach.

For years, researchers have hypothesized that the bacterium's corkscrew shape is what enables it to survive - and thrive - within the stomach's acid-drenched environment, but until now they have had no proof.

For the first time, researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center have found that, at least when it comes to H. pylori's ability to colonize the stomach, shape indeed matters.

Microbiologist Nina Salama and colleagues are the first to demonstrate that the bug's helical shape helps it set up shop in the protective gelatin-like mucus that coats the stomach.

Such bacterial colonization - present in up to half of the world's population - causes chronic inflammation that is linked to a variety of stomach disorders, from chronic gastritis and duodenitis to ulcers and cancer.

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"By understanding how the bug colonizes the stomach, we can think about targeting therapy to prevent infection in the first place," said Salama.

Specifically, the researchers discovered a group of four proteins that are responsible for generating H. pylori's characteristic curvature.

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Using a mouse model, they found that laboratory-engineered mutant strains of H. pylori that are deficient in these proteins fail to twist properly and, consequently, are unable to colonize the stomach.

"Having these mutant strains in hand allowed us to test whether the helical shape is important for H. pylori infection, and it is. All of our mutants had trouble colonizing the stomach and were out-competed by normal, helical-shaped bugs," Salama said.

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Interestingly, the H. pylori mutants retained their ability to propel themselves through a thick, mucus-like gel in a petri dish even though they were unable to establish infection in stomach colonization experiments.

The researchers also discovered a novel mechanism by which these proteins drive the organism's shape, in essence acting like wire cutters on a chain-link fence to strategically snip certain sections, or crosslinks, of the bacterium's mesh-like cell wall.

"The crosslinks preserve the structural integrity of the bacterial wall, but if certain links are cleaved or relaxed by these proteins, it allows the rod shape to twist into a helix," Salama said.

Mutant forms of H. pylori that lack these proteins are misshapen, ranging from rods to crescents, which hampers their ability to bore through or colonize the stomach lining.

"We found that the bacteria that lost their normal shape did not infect well, and so we know that if we inhibit normal shape we can slash infection rates," Salama said.

The findings have been reported in Cell.

Source-ANI
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