In Vivo Gene Editing Cures Blood Disorders in Fetus

Monogenic hereditary disorders are largely responsible for child mortality and morbidity. However, intrauterine genetic editing could correct the genetic defect and thereby cure the disease in the fetus.

Highlights:

Children born with β-thalassemia require a lifetime of blood transfusions, iron chelation therapies and medications to survive as there is no permanent cure
In this study, in utero genetic editing of the β-globin gene was investigated in a mouse model of human β-thalassemia
This intervention corrected the genetic defect and can be a potential cure for such monogenic disorders in fetuses

Hemoglobinopathies are the most commonly inherited genetic disorders across the world with a global carrier frequency of more than five percent. Children born with β-thalassemia require a lifetime of blood transfusions, iron chelation therapies and medications and other treatment to survive as there is no permanent cure. These disorders impact pediatric mortality and morbidity impacting the quality of life.

Can In Vivo Gene Editing Cure Blood Disorders in Fetus ?

Thalassemia can be detected in early pregnancy using invasive techniques like CVS (chorionic villi sampling). Recent advances in NIPT (non-invasive prenatal testing) make it easier to diagnose a fetus with β-thalassemia major. Advances in gene therapeutics have made it possible to cure thalassemia using a viral vector to replace mutated copies of the β-globin gene with healthy copies. However, there are challenges with the use of viral vectors as a mode of healthy gene delivery.

Thalassemia - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Future Therapies
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder passed on through parental genes causing the body to produce abnormal hemoglobin.

‘Advances in genetic editing techniques have allowed researchers to correct the β-thalassemia gene in utero.’

Gene therapies per se do not correct the existing mutated gene and only introduce healthy copies of the gene. The last ten years have seen much excitement with gene editing approaches to correct disease-causing genes. Much effort has been directed towards the development of nuclease-based editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9.

The team of researchers in this study demonstrated in utero genetic editing of the β-globin gene in a mouse model of human β-thalassemia. The team used intravenous injections of polymeric, biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) carrying triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and single-stranded donor DNAs to correct the defective gene.

The research group had previously demonstrated genetic correction of β-thalassemia and cystic fibrosis with PNA/DNA NPs. In this study, the group showed how endogenous genome editing can be carried out effectively and safely in vivo without any detectable off-target mutations.

Is In Utero Gene Editing Safe ?

In this study, the main objective was to determine the safety, efficacy and feasibility of in utero gene editing using PNA/DNA-containing NPs. The study found that NPs can be delivered to multiple fetal mouse tissues via intravenous infusions with significant accumulation in the fetal liver (which is the site of hematopoiesis).

Breakthrough Treatments for Beta-Thalassemia Major
The month of May saw major announcements in breakthrough therapies by companies working on the Beta-Thalassemia curatives - LentiGlobin BB305 and Luspatercept.

The research team used NPs loaded with next-generation, chemically modified γPNAs and DNAs to correct the disease-causing mutation in utero. After in utero correction, the team observed post-natal improvement in fetal mice with the elevation of hemoglobin levels, improved red cell morphology, decreased reticulocyte counts and reduction in extramedullary hematopoiesis.

The study implies a survival advantage for in utero treated animals versus the untreated animals in the control group.

Gene Editing - Potential Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease
Gene editing is a potential treatment for sickle cell disease, states a research presented at the 2018 AAAS Annual Meeting.

The results demonstrate that genetic modification of disease-causing mutations during pregnancy has the advantage of allowing for normal fetal development. Delivering in utero gene editing therapy provides access for dividing stem and progenitor cell populations, which can lead to proliferation of corrected gene in all progenitor cells.

The research has provided the foundation for site-specific gene editing in utero using γPNA/DNA nanoparticles. Further studies are required to validate safety and efficacy in other disease models including animals like non-human primates. The research has tremendous potential clinical translational applications for human genetic disorders.

Gene Editing Tool Crispr-Cas9 Corrects Mutations In Muscular Dystrophy Patients Written by Anjali Aryamvally
Myoediting technique used along with gene-editing technology CRISPR-Cas9 can restore dystrophin protein in patients affected with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

References:

Ricciardi, Adele S., Raman Bahal, James S. Farrelly, Elias Quijano, Anthony H. Bianchi, Valerie L. Luks, Rachael Putman et al. "In utero nanoparticle delivery for site-specific genome editing." Nature communications 9, no. 1 (2018): 2481. Accessed on July 6, 2018 from (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04894-2)

Source-Medindia