Common Dye Proves to be an Effective Antimalarial Drug

Age old methylene blue dye can now be used as a fast-acting antimalarial drug finds a new study.

Highlights

Methylene blue dye could be a safe antimalarial that destroys malarial parasites at an incredible rate.
Within two days infected patients were cured of the disease and were no longer able to transmit the disease, even if they were bitten by new mosquito.
Methylene blue dye is said to work well in species that are resistant to certain anti-malarial medicines.

Methylene blue dye may destroy malarial parasite and that too in 48 hours finds a new study. Adding the dye to the antimalarial medicine can ensure patients that they will no longer infect other mosquitos and thereby other healthy individual. The findings of this study are published in the journal of Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The pressure is on when it comes to antimalarial medicines, as malaria parasites are increasingly resistant to the artemisinin-based combination therapies that are currently used. In addition, these medicines do very little to stop the spread of malaria, as the parasites remain in the blood for a long time, with the chance that other mosquitos are infected if they feed on the patient.

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‘Methylene blue dye which is safe and well tolerated by patients can be added to the antimalarial medicine to prevent the infection to spread to healthy mosquito and thereby to a healthy individual. Infected Patients who were not given methylene blue were able to infect other mosquitos for at least a week.’

The parasites split in the patient's red blood cells, forming male and female sex cells (gametocytes). If another mosquito bites the patient, it sucks up the sex cells, and these are fertilized in the mosquito's stomach. The offspring then find their way to the mosquito's salivary glands, where the cycle starts again.

The gametocytes can stay in a person's body for several weeks following treatment for malaria. In the new study in Mali, Radboudumc researchers added methylene blue to the artemisinin-based combination therapy.

Methylene blue is a blue dye that is used in laboratories to distinguish dead cells from living cells. Adding the dye to the antimalaria medicine ensured that patients no longer infected other mosquitos, within as little as 48 hours. Patients who were not given methylene blue were able to infect other mosquitos for at least a week.

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Researcher Teun Bousema (Radboudumc) coordinated the study which was conducted together with the University of California (UCSF) and the Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC). Bousema: "We noted that the male parasites disappeared from the bloodstream more quickly than the female parasites."

Methylene blue may have an disturbing side effect as it can turn urine into bright blue

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Encouraged by the promising results of laboratory experiments, Bousema's team has investigated for the first time the effect of methylene blue on the spread of malaria amongst humans. Bousema: "Methylene blue is very promising because it can prevent the spread of malaria within such a short time following treatment. There are also indications that methylene blue also works well in species that are resistant to certain medicines."

The dye is safe and was tolerated well by patients. There is however just one awkward side effect: "I have used it myself, and it turns your urine bright blue. This is something that we need to solve because it could stop people from using it."

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Malaria causes 430?000 deaths every year. Infection is caused by the bite of a malaria-carrying mosquito, and 90% of all deaths are in Africa, mostly amongst children. Malaria prevention focuses primarily on the use of mosquito nets, insecticides and medicine and, as a result, the number of deaths due to malaria has almost halved in the last ten years.

Reference

Prof Alassane Dicko, Michelle E Roh, Halimatou Diawara, et.al.Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial, Lancet Infectious Diseases (2018). DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30044-6

Source-Eurekalert