Delayed Clamping After Birth May Prevent Anemia in Children

Highlights

• Anaemia affects over 40% of all children under five years of age in the world.
• Iron deficiency up to six months of age can be prevented when clamping of the umbilical cord after birth is delayed by 3 minutes.

Iron deficiency up to six months of age can be prevented when clamping of the umbilical cord is delayed, according to a new study from Uppsala University, published in JAMA Pediatrics. Anaemia can impinge on mental and physical performance, and is associated with long-term deterioration in growth and development in children. Iron deficiency is the reason for anaemia in approximately 50 percent of the children.

When clamping of the umbilical cord is delayed, i.e. for more than three minutes, iron deficiency up to six months of age can be prevented, but this has not been shown to prevent iron deficiency or anaemia in older infants.

In the study, the researchers randomised 540 children born at a large obstetrical hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, to early (less than 60 seconds) or delayed (more than 180 seconds) cord clamping.

In Nepal, approximately 70 percent of infants up to one year of age have anaemia. Follow-up included blood samples at eight and twelve months of age, to evaluate anaemia (haemoglobin) and iron deficiency (ferritin).

At the age of eight months, the incidence of anaemia was reduced by nine percent among the Nepalese infants and even at twelve months of age, eight percent fewer infants were anaemic.

The children in the delayed cord clamping group generally had higher haemoglobin values, and the percentage of children who had iron deficiency at eight months of age decreased significantly, by more than 40 percent.

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At birth, approximately one third of the child's blood is in the placenta. If clamping of the umbilical cord is done immediately (early cord clamping), the blood will remain in the placenta and go to waste (or can be stored in stem cell banks).

If instead clamping is postponed for three minutes, most of the blood can flow back to the child as an extra blood transfusion, consisting of about one decilitre (half a cup) of blood, which is equivalent to about two litres (half a US gallon) for an adult. A blood donor gives 0.4-0.5 litres of blood.

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Blood contains red blood cells that contain haemoglobin. Haemoglobin carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. Haemoglobin contains a lot of iron, and the extra decilitre of blood may contain iron that corresponds to three to four months of an infant's needs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends umbilical cord clamping at one minute or later, while the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) recommends umbilical cord clamping at 30-60 seconds or later.

The study was done previously in Sweden and it was found that after delayed clamping children had more iron in the body at four months of age and that the proportion of children with iron deficiency decreased by 90 percent, from 5.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

The children's general intelligence and development did not differ at four years of age, but after delayed clamping the children had improved fine motor and social skills.

This study implies that waiting to clamp the umbilical cord for more than three minutes is important in communities where it is common for infants to have anaemia and iron deficiency.

Delaying cord clamping for more than three minutes is an action with no cost and without any side effects.

Reference

1. Andersson, O. et al, Can Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping Reduce Infant Anaemia at Age 8, 12 Months?, JAMA Pediatrics (2017) doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3971.

Source-Medindia