Ultrasound Could be the Next Potential Treatment for Parkinson's Disease

A recent study suggests that patients with Parkinson's disease achieved a notable improvement in their tremors, mobility, and other physical symptoms after having a minimally invasive procedure involving focused ultrasound. The study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

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Ultrasound for Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

The clinical trial was conducted by researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM). The participants were 94 Parkinson's disease patients who were randomly assigned to undergo focused ultrasound to ablate a targeted region on one side of the brain or to have a sham procedure. Almost 70% of patients in the treatment group were considered successful responders to treatment after three months of follow-up, compared to 32% in the control group, who had an inactive procedure without focused ultrasound.

Two-thirds of those who responded initially to the focused ultrasound treatment continued to have a successful response to the treatment a year later.

Patients were treated at the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC), the academic flagship hospital for the University of Maryland Medical System, and 15 other sites in North America, Asia, and Europe.

“These results are very promising and offer Parkinson's disease patients a new form of therapy to manage their symptoms. There is no incision involved, which means no risk of a serious infection or brain bleeding," said Howard Eisenberg, MD, study’s corresponding author, Raymond K. Thompson, Professor of Neurosurgery at UMSOM and a neurosurgeon at UMMC.

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Impact of Parkinson’s Disease

About one million Americans have Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that affects brain cells, or neurons, in a specific area of the brain that produce the brain chemical dopamine.

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.

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The Risk in Other Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease

Treatments for Parkinson's include medications and deep brain stimulation (DBS) from surgically implanted electrodes.

The medications can cause involuntary, erratic movements called dyskinesia as doses are increased to control symptoms. Usually offered when medications fail, DBS involves brain surgery to insert the electrodes through two small openings in the skull. The procedure carries a small risk of serious side effects including brain hemorrhage and infection.

"Our study will help doctors and patients make an informed decision when considering this new treatment modality to help better manage symptoms," said study co-author Paul Fishman, MD, Ph.D., Professor of Neurology at UMSOM and a neurologist at UMMC. "But it's important for patients to realize that none of the treatments currently available will cure Parkinson's disease."

What is Focused Ultrasound and Why is it Important for Parkinson’s?

Focused ultrasound is an incision-less procedure, performed without the need for anesthesia or an in-patient stay in the hospital.

Patients, who remain fully alert, lie in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, wearing a transducer helmet. Ultrasonic energy is targeted through the skull to the globus pallidus, a structure deep in the brain that helps control regular voluntary movement.

The MRI images provide doctors with a real-time temperature map of the area being treated, allowing them to precisely pinpoint the target and apply a high enough temperature to ablate it. During the procedure, the patient is awake and provides feedback, which allows doctors to monitor the immediate effects of the tissue ablation and make adjustments as needed.

Exablate Neuro Could be the Next Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

The device, known as Exablate Neuro, was approved over a year ago by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat advanced Parkinson's disease on one side of the brain.

The FDA approval was based on findings from the UMSOM clinical trial, which were published recently. The procedure is now widely available at the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). However, it is not yet covered by insurance, including Medicare, so patients currently need to pay out of pocket for the procedure.

"Focused ultrasound is only approved by the FDA to treat one side of the brain in Parkinson's disease patients, so it may be more appropriate at this time for patients with symptoms predominantly on one side," said study co-author Vibhor Krishna, MD, a professor of neurosurgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

How Focused Ultrasound has Changed Lives

Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2020, Melanie Carlson, a 41-year-old mother of a toddler, found that the medications she was taking to manage the condition caused her to have uncontrollable shaking. Her symptoms were so severe, she was dependent on a walker and unable to take her daughter to the playground. Last June, she opted to have a focused ultrasound at UMMC after learning about the FDA approval.

"Focused ultrasound was transformative. So many of my fine motor skills have returned. I'm putting on eyeliner again and taking showers again without falling," Carlson said. "This honestly feels like one of the best years of my life. I just feel so fortunate. I hope more people can benefit from this procedure."

Patients enrolled in the trial -- with moderate Parkinson's disease who were not responding well to medications were treated with one session of focused ultrasound on the side of their brain that controlled the side of their body where symptoms were more severe.

The study was designed as a crossover trial, where 25 patients in the control group were offered the active treatment three months after their sham procedure; 20 out of 25 opted to have the focused-ultrasound treatment and experienced similar benefits as the initial treatment group.

Those in the treatment group had an immediate improvement of at least three points on a standard assessment -- measuring tremors, walking abilities, and rigidity in the legs and arms -- compared to an 0.3-point improvement in the control group. They also experienced relief from the side effects of Parkinson's medications. They were assessed again at three months and 12 months. Patients will continue to be followed for five years to evaluate how long the treatment lasts and the progression of the disease.

Adverse events from the procedure included headache, dizziness, and nausea that resolved within a day or two of treatment. Some patients experienced mild side effects from the focused ultrasound treatment, including slurred speech, walking issues, and loss of taste. These usually resolve within the first few weeks.

The Hope for Future Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Dr. Eisenberg and his colleagues are currently conducting a clinical trial to test the Exablate Neuro device on both sides of the brain, delivering focused ultrasound treatments in two sessions, six months apart. "So far, we've had promising results," Dr. Eisenberg said.

"We are on the edge of the frontier with focused ultrasound, as ongoing research evaluates the procedure in different brain areas affected by Parkinson's, such as the subthalamic nucleus, which controls movement regulation," said UMSOM Dean, Mark T. Gladwin, MD, who is also Vice President for Medical Affairs, University of Maryland, Baltimore, and the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers Distinguished Professor. "Researchers also are studying how focused ultrasound could be used to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier to help experimental Parkinson's treatments, like immunotherapy, get into the brain more easily."

Reference:

1. Trial of Globus Pallidus Focused Ultrasound Ablation in Parkinson’s Disease - (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2202721)

Source-Medindia