Hookah Possibly More Hazardous than Other Forms of Smoking

Hookah could be more dangerous compared to other forms of smoking, reveals a new study.

Hookah waterpipe use has grown in popularity in recent years as one in five college students in the United States, and Europe have tried it, but the practice could be more hazardous than other forms of smoking, reveals a new study. The findings of the study are published in the journal Aerosol Science and Technology.

Using a custom-built testing apparatus, the UCI chemists analyzed emissions during a typical communal waterpipe session and found that one draw from a pipe can contain as many noxious substances as smoke from an entire cigarette.

Hookah Smoke Can Affect Your Heart Health: Here's How
Hookah smoke contains more toxic chemicals than cigarettes, which can be harmful to the heart. Therefore, tobacco smoking with a water pipe or hookah can affect your heart rate, blood pressure and significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

‘Smokers exposed to toxic chemicals, ultrafine particles, and carbon monoxide pose a significant health risk. ’
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"Hookah mainstream smoke - that which is directly inhaled by the user - has many toxic and harmful chemicals, such as nicotine, which can lead to tobacco addiction; irritating carbonyl compounds; and benzine, a known carcinogen," said lead author Veronique Perraud, a UCI assistant project scientist in the Department of Chemistry. "And due to the greater volume inhaled for every puff and the longer duration of a smoking session, the hookah oftentimes delivers a higher dose of those chemicals to the smoker."

The waterpipe also produced an outsized quantity of carbon monoxide, mainly from the burning of charcoal to heat the tobacco or herbal mixture in its bowl. The study refers to several cases in which hookah users have suffered from CO intoxication.

In addition to testing ordinary tobacco, the group studied a nicotine-free herbal mixture, marketed as a healthier alternative, and discovered that it had even higher levels of toxic gases present in the mainstream smoke.

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While previous studies have detailed the risks of the hookah habit, the UCI project is the first to characterize ultrafine particles - those with a diameter smaller than 100 nanometers - in the inhaled smoke. Using a pair of mass spectrometers, including a unique instrument designed by the Smith Group at UCI, the scientists measured the chemical composition of both gases and solids emitted during a hookah session in real-time, a key differentiation from past studies.

"Typically, researchers would collect samples from a filter capturing smoke and particles from an entire session, rendering one data point," Perraud said. "But through our technique of testing emissions in the beginning, midpoint, and end of a smoking session, we were able to show that a smoker is exposed to a higher quantity of ultrafine particles during the first 10 minutes compared to the rest of the time."

Smoking a Water Pipe / Hookah Leads to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Whether it's a cigarette, cigar, pipe or hookah, smoking tobacco in any form is unsafe. Using a hookah even for an hour is equal to smoking 50 to 100 cigarettes.

She said these miniscule particles could pose significant health risks because they can make their way deep into the pulmonary system, and the smallest ones can readily cross the blood-brain barrier.

"One of the big myths about hookah usage is that the water in the bowl actually filters out the toxic chemicals, providing a shield for the smoker," Perraud noted. "In the study, we show that this is not the case for most of the gases and that, possibly due to its cooling effect, water actually promotes ultrafine particle formation."

Hookah Smoking Increases Cardiovascular Risks Equal to Cigarettes
Single session of hookah smoking increased heart rate and blood pressure; and significantly increased measures of arterial stiffness, a key risk factor in the development of cardiovascular conditions.

Another difference between hookah and cigarette smoking is the temperature at which the tobacco is combusted. The cooler-burning contents of the hookah bowl produced less complex chemical compositions than occur in cigarette smoke but a heightened amount of sugar derivatives, as well as glycerol. When heated, this normally harmless substance that's used as a food additive decomposes, creating small aldehydes that are irritants and potential carcinogens.

Source-Eurekalert