How Does Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Impact State Medicaid Programs?

In this study financial impacts of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and opioid use during pregnancy on the state Medicaid programs are being studied.

One infant in every 15 minutes is born with opioid withdrawal symptoms after being exposed to opioids regularly (neonatal abstinence syndrome) before birth in U.S. This epidemic has been found to be increased by 433 percent, from 1.5 to 8.0 per 1,000 hospital births. Consequently, the medicaid is struggling to provide aid to these infants.

This neonatal abstinence syndrome has resulted in approximately $2 billion in excess Medicaid costs in the 10-year period i.e from 2004- 2014, finds a new study. The findings of this study are published in the journal of Pediatrics.

Shorter Hospital Stay for Infants Suffering from Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
A new study shows that variations in genes associated among infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome was associated with a shorter lenght of hospital stay and lesser treatment.

‘For Medicaid-covered infants, the healthcare costs associated with caring for NAS totaled $462 million in 2014 alone, and this resulted in approximately $2 billion in excess Medicaid costs in 2004-2014.’

From 2004 to 2014, the rate of U.S. infants diagnosed with opioid withdrawal symptoms, known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), increased 433 percent, from 1.5 to 8.0 per 1,000 hospital births.

However, the increase was even more stark in state Medicaid programs -- rising from 2.8 to 14.4 per 1,000 hospital births. Medicaid, a public health insurance program, covered more than 80 percent of NAS births nationwide in 2014.

The study, "Incidence and Costs of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome among Infants with Medicaid: 2004-2014," was a collaborative effort among researchers at Vanderbilt, Hennepin Healthcare in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and several other institutions. This is the latest in a series of studies exploring the health and financial impacts of NAS and opioid use during pregnancy.

Cases of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in Newborns Increasing in US
The number of newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome, often caused by mothers using opioids during pregnancy, is increasing in the United States.

For Medicaid-covered infants, the healthcare costs associated with caring for NAS totaled $462 million in 2014 alone, researchers found. While other studies have shown a high incidence of NAS among Medicaid-enrolled infants, this is the first to quantify the incidence difference between Medicaid and privately insured infants over time. "NAS resulted in approximately $2 billion in excess Medicaid costs in the 10-year period we studied. State Medicaid programs could improve infant and maternal health and save money by investing in prevention and treatment for low-income women with opioid use disorders," said Tyler Winkelman, MD, MSc, lead author of the study, a clinician-investigator at Hennepin Healthcare, and an assistant professor of Medicine and Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome has been linked to use of both illicit opioids such as heroin and legal opioids like Vicodin. Many infants exposed to opioids during pregnancy will experience withdrawal symptoms shortly after birth. Infants experiencing opioid withdrawal are irritable, can have feeding and breathing problems, and are more likely to be born with low birthweight.

One Time Opioid Use During Pregnancy Can Increase Risk of Birth Abnormalities
Withdrawal from exposure to opioids in utero increases the incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

For the study, the authors looked at 2004-2014 hospital birth data from the National Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospital discharges in the United States developed by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) within the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The sample included 9.1 million hospital birth records. Of those, 35,629 infants had a diagnosis of NAS.

Infants with NAS enrolled in Medicaid were significantly more likely than infants without NAS enrolled in Medicaid to be male and reside in poor, rural counties. They were also more likely to be transferred to another hospital for care and have longer hospital stays, the study noted.

Number of Babies Born Drug Exposed Have Increased Five-fold
The number of infants diagnosed with neonatal abstinence syndrome in the Granite State has increased tremendously.

The authors concluded that the continued growing incidence of NAS, particularly among infants covered by Medicaid, presents an opportunity to implement policies that improve opioid use disorder treatment for women before, during and after pregnancy.

Additionally, they state that Medicaid programs could promote standardization of clinical protocols to reduce hospital costs and improve outcomes for infants with NAS.

"The rise of infants experiencing drug withdrawal in our nation’s hospitals is evidence that the opioid crisis continues to affect our most vulnerable populations -- pregnant women and infants," said Stephen Patrick, MD, MPH, MS, senior author of the study and assistant professor of Pediatrics and Health Policy in the Division of Neonatology at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt. "As Congress considers legislation to address the growing opioid crisis, pregnant women and infants must be a priority for targeted, well-funded public health interventions."

Source-Eurekalert