Low Oxygen Level Impairs Immunity in COVID-19 Patients

SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the immature red blood cells to reduce the oxygen levels in the blood followed by an impaired immune response in COVID-19 patients.

Ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to infect the immature red blood cells might be the reason for the low oxygen levels in the blood followed by an impaired immune response in COVID-19 patients, as per a study at the University of Alberta, published in the journal Stem Cell Reports .

This sheds light on why many covid-19 patients, even those not in the hospital, are suffering from hypoxia and the reason why anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone works to treat has been an effective treatment for those with the virus.

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‘Ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to infect the immature red blood cells due to the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors expressed by the cells results in the reduced oxygen levels in the blood followed by an impaired immune response in COVID-19 patients. This provides a better understanding of why the commonly used drug dexamethasone, benefits most of the COVID-19 patients.’

The study team examined the blood of 128 patients with COVID-19 among those who were critically ill and admitted to the ICU, those who had moderate symptoms and were admitted to the hospital, and those who had a mild version of the disease and only spent a few hours in the hospital.

Low Oxygen in COVID-19

It was found that, more immature red blood cells flooded into blood circulation, as the disease became more severe thereby sometimes making up as much as 60% of the total cells in the blood (generally less than 1% in healthy blood). And only matured red blood cells transport oxygen to the body.

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"Immature red blood cells reside in the bone marrow and we do not normally see them in blood circulation. This indicates that the virus is impacting the source of these cells. As a result, and to compensate for the depletion of healthy immature red blood cells, the body is producing significantly more of them in order to provide enough oxygen for the body," says study lead Shokrollah Elahi, associate professor in the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry.

The team for the first time in the world demonstrated that these immature red blood cells are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection as they expressed the receptor ACE2 and a co-receptor, TMPRSS2, which allowed SARS-CoV-2 to infect and destroy them, thereby diminishing the ability to transport oxygen in the bloodstream.

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"These findings are exciting but also show two significant consequences. First, immature red blood cells are the cells being infected by the virus, and when the virus kills them, it forces the body to try to meet the oxygen supply requirements by pumping more immature red blood cells out of the bone marrow. But that just creates more targets for the virus. Second, immature red blood cells are actually potent immunosuppressive cells; they suppress antibody production and they suppress T-cell immunity against the virus, making the entire situation worse. So in this study, we have demonstrated that more immature red blood cells means a weaker immune response against the virus," says Elahi.

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The team then tried testing the most commonly used anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone, to check whether they could reduce immature red blood cells' susceptibility to the virus. It was found that there was a significant reduction in the infection of immature red blood cells.

There were two potential mechanisms put forth by the team. First, dexamethasone suppresses the response of the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors to SARS-CoV-2 in immature red blood cells, thereby reducing the opportunities for infection. Second, dexamethasone increases the rate at which the immature red blood cells mature, helping the cells shed their nuclei faster. Without the nuclei, the virus has nowhere to replicate.

Although the drug dexamethasone has been widely used in COVID-19 treatment for the past year, the study now provides a solid proof in understanding the working mechanism behind it and the way it benefits the patients.

Source-Medindia