Magnetic Nanoparticles Allows Brain Stimulation Without Wires

A new method has been developed to stimulate brain tissue using external magnetic fields and injected magnetic nanoparticles.

The technique allows direct stimulation of neurons, which could be an effective treatment for a variety of neurological diseases, without the need for implants or external connections.

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The research, conducted by Polina Anikeeva, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering, graduate student Ritchie Chen, and three others, has been published in the journal Science.

Polina Anikeeva, an assistant professor of materials science, said that previous efforts to stimulate the brain using pulses of electricity have proven effective in reducing tremors associated with Parkinson's disease. However, the treatment has remained a last resort as it requires highly invasive implanted wires that connect to a power source outside the brain, he added.

"In the future, our technique may provide an implant-free means to provide brain stimulation and mapping," Anikeeva says.

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In their study, the research team injected magnetic iron oxide particles just 22 nanometers in diameter into the brain. When exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, these particles rapidly heat up.

The resulting local temperature increase can then lead to neural activation by triggering heat-sensitive capsaicin receptors - the same proteins that the body uses to detect both actual heat and the "heat" of spicy foods. The team used viral gene delivery to induce the sensitivity to heat in selected neurons in the brain.

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The particles, which have virtually no interaction with biological tissues except when heated, tend to remain where they're placed, allowing for long-term treatment without the need for further invasive procedures.

"The nanoparticles integrate into the tissue and remain largely intact. Then, that region can be stimulated at will by externally applying an alternating magnetic field. The goal for us was to figure out whether we could deliver stimuli to the nervous system in a wireless and noninvasive way," says Anikeeva.

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The new work has proven that the approach is feasible, but much work remains to turn this proof-of-concept into a practical method for brain research or clinical treatment.

The use of magnetic fields and injected particles has been an active area of cancer research; the thought is that this approach could destroy cancer cells by heating them.

"The new technique is derived, in part, from that research," Anikeeva says. "By calibrating the delivered thermal dosage, we can excite neurons without killing them. The magnetic nanoparticles also have been used for decades as contrast agents in MRI scans, so they are considered relatively safe in the human body."

The team developed ways to make the particles with precisely controlled sizes and shapes, in order to maximize their interaction with the applied alternating magnetic field. They also developed devices to deliver the applied magnetic field: Existing devices for cancer treatment -- intended to produce much more intense heating -- were far too big and energy-inefficient for this application.

The research, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering, graduate student Ritchie Chen, and three others, was published in the journal Science.

Source-Medindia