Measurement Of Universe's 'Exit Door' Done For First Time

For the first time the radius of a black hole at the center of a distant galaxy was measured by an international team, led by researchers at MIT's Haystack Observatory.

For the first time the radius of a black hole at the center of a distant galaxy was measured by an international team, led by researchers at MIT's Haystack Observatory. The radius is the closest distance at which matter can approach before being irretrievably pulled into the black hole.

The scientists linked together radio dishes in Hawaii, Arizona and California to create a telescope array called the "Event Horizon Telescope that can see details 2,000 times finer than what's visible to the Hubble Space Telescope.

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These radio dishes were trained on M87, a galaxy some 50 million light-years from the Milky Way. M87 harbors a black hole 6 billion times more massive than our Sun; using this array, the team observed the glow of matter near the edge of this black hole-a region known as the "event horizon."

"Once objects fall through the event horizon, they're lost forever," said Shep Doeleman, assistant director at the MIT Haystack Observatory and research associate at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

"It's an exit door from our universe. You walk through that door, you're not coming back," he said.

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Supermassive black holes are the most extreme objects predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of gravity-where, according to Doeleman, "gravity completely goes haywire and crushes an enormous mass into an incredibly close space."

At the edge of a black hole, the gravitational force is so strong that it pulls in everything from its surroundings. However, not everything can cross the event horizon to squeeze into a black hole.

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The result is a "cosmic traffic jam" in which gas and dust build up, creating a flat pancake of matter known as an accretion disk. This disk of matter orbits the black hole at nearly the speed of light, feeding the black hole a steady diet of superheated material. Over time, this disk can cause the black hole to spin in the same direction as the orbiting material.

Caught up in this spiraling flow are magnetic fields, which accelerate hot material along powerful beams above the accretion disk. The resulting high-speed jet, launched by the black hole and the disk, shoots out across the galaxy, extending for hundreds of thousands of light-years. These jets can influence many galactic processes, including how fast stars form.

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A jet's trajectory may help scientists understand the dynamics of black holes in the region where their gravity is the dominant force. Doeleman said such an extreme environment is perfect for confirming Einstein's theory of general relativity-today's definitive description of gravitation.

"Einstein's theories have been verified in low-gravitational field cases, like on Earth or in the solar system. But they have not been verified precisely in the only place in the universe where Einstein's theories might break down-which is right at the edge of a black hole," Doeleman said.

According to Einstein's theory, a black hole's mass and its spin determine how closely material can orbit before becoming unstable and falling in toward the event horizon. Because M87's jet is magnetically launched from this smallest orbit, astronomers can estimate the black hole's spin through careful measurement of the jet's size as it leaves the black hole. Until now, no telescope has had the magnifying power required for this kind of observation.

"We are now in a position to ask the question, 'Is Einstein right?'" Doeleman stated. "We can identify features and signatures predicted by his theories, in this very strong gravitational field," he said.

The team used a technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry, or VLBI, which links data from radio dishes located thousands of miles apart. Signals from the various dishes, taken together, create a "virtual telescope" with the resolving power of a single telescope as big as the space between the disparate dishes. The technique enables scientists to view extremely precise details in faraway galaxies.

Using the technique, Doeleman and his team measured the innermost orbit of the accretion disk to be only 5.5 times the size of the black hole event horizon. According to the laws of physics, this size suggests that the accretion disk is spinning in the same direction as the black hole-the first direct observation to confirm theories of how black holes power jets from the centers of galaxies.

The team plans to expand its telescope array, adding radio dishes in Chile, Europe, Mexico, Greenland and Antarctica, in order to obtain even more detailed pictures of black holes in the future.

Doeleman and his colleagues have published the results of their study this week in the journal Science.

Source-ANI