Do Men With Extra Sex Chromosomes are at Higher Diabetes Risk?

Genetic testing can detect chromosomal abnormalities fairly easily in men who present to their doctor with a relevant health concern.

Around 1 in 500 men could be carrying an extra X or Y chromosome, and most of them unaware of it, can be put at increased risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, say researchers at the University of Cambridge and University of Exeter.

In a study published in Genetics in Medicine, researchers analyzed genetic data collected on over 200,000 UK men aged 40 to 70 from UK Biobank, a biomedical database and research resource containing anonymized genetic, lifestyle and health information from half a million UK participants. They found 356 men carried either an extra X chromosome or an extra Y chromosome.

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Sex chromosomes determine our biological sex. Men typically have one X and one Y chromosome while women have two Xs. However, some men also have an extra X or Y chromosome – XXY or XYY.

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‘Men with either XXY or XYY chromosomes are more likely to have type 2 diabetes, six times more likely to develop venous thrombosis, three times as likely to experience pulmonary embolism, and four times more likely to suffer from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).’

Without a genetic test it may not be immediately obvious. Men with extra X chromosomes are sometimes identified during investigations of delayed puberty and infertility; however, most are unaware that they have this condition.

Men with an extra Y chromosome tend to be taller than boys and adults but otherwise they have no distinctive physical features.

In this study, the researchers identified 213 men with an extra X chromosome and 143 men with an extra Y chromosome. As the participants in UK Biobank tend to be ‘healthier’ than the general population, this suggests that around one in 500 men may carry an extra X or Y chromosome.

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Only a small minority of these men had a diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormality on their medical records or by self-report: fewer than one in four (23%) men with XXY and only one of the 143 XYY men (0.7%) had a known diagnosis.

By linking genetic data to routine health records, the team found that men with XXY have much higher chances of reproductive problems, including a three-fold higher risk of delayed puberty and a four-fold higher risk of being childless.

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These men also had significantly lower blood concentrations of testosterone, the natural male hormone. Men with XYY appeared to have a normal reproductive function.

Researchers say that it isn’t clear why an extra chromosome should increase the risk or why the risks were so similar irrespective of which sex chromosome was duplicated.

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Yajie Zhao, a PhD student at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge, the study’s first author, said: “Even though a significant number of men carry an extra sex chromosome, very few of them are likely to be aware of this. This extra chromosome means that they have substantially higher risks of several common metabolic, vascular, and respiratory diseases – diseases that may be preventable.”

More research is needed to assess whether there is additional value in wider screening for unusual chromosomes in the general population but this could potentially lead to early interventions to help them avoid the related diseases.

This study is important because it starts from genetics and tells us about the potential health impacts of having an extra sex chromosome in an older population without being biased by only testing men with certain features as has often been done in the past.

Source-Medindia