Mild Maternal Infection Promotes Immunity in Babies

Mild infections in the mother can have permanent and tissue-specific impacts on offspring immunity, according to a new study in mice.

During pregnancy, mild infections in the mother can have permanent and tissue-specific impacts on offspring immunity, according to a new study in mice.

Though the fetus can co-opt maternal infection to promote heightened immunity to gut infection, it may do so at the cost of a long-lasting predisposition to inflammatory disorders in offspring.

‘Increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced by the mother in response to infection resulted in epigenetic changes to the fetal intestinal epithelium stem cells with enhanced protective immunity to gut infection.’
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Pregnancy is often linked to immune suppression, it remains unknown how every-day infections like mild urinary tract, respiratory or food-borne infections that remain undiagnosed and often self-resolve in the mother can affect the offspring’s immunity.

To know this, Ai Ing Lim and colleagues infected pregnant mice with a specific strain of the common food-borne pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which causes a mild and transient infection.

But, while the short-lived infection was restricted to the mother, Lim et al. observed elevated levels of intestinal T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the offspring, which persisted into adulthood.

Enriched levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced by the mother in response to infection resulted in epigenetic changes to the fetal intestinal epithelium stem cells during in utero development.

While these offspring showed enhanced protective immunity to gut infection, they also exhibited higher susceptibility to intestinal inflammatory disease, like colitis.

“The past few decades have seen a marked increase in the incidence of inflammatory disorders in children, including asthma, allergies and behavioral deficits driven in part by neuroinflammation,” write Mohammed Amir and Melody Zeng in a related Perspective.

“Future work should address whether and how immune imprinting in utero may underlie the predisposition to inflammatory disorders.”

Maternal Infection Ups Risk of Mental Ill-health in Children
During pregnancy, a mother with an infection diagnosis received hospital treatment, there was a marked rise in the risk of her child needing hospital care later in life, with a diagnosis of either autism or depression.

Source-Medindia