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A new study has identified the genetic differences that underpin the differences in smell sensitivity and perception in different individuals.

The researchers tested nearly 200 people for their sensitivity for ten different chemical compounds that are commonly found in foods.

They then searched through the subjects' genomes for areas of the DNA that differed between people who could smell a given compound and those who could not.

This approach-known as a genome-wide association study-is widely used to identify genetic differences.

The researchers, led by Sara Jaeger, Jeremy McRae, and Richard Newcomb of Plant and Food Research in New Zealand, found that for four of the ten odors tested, there was indeed a genetic association, suggesting that differences in the genetic make-up determine whether a person can or cannot smell these compounds.

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The smells of these four odorants are familiar, for those who can smell them (though their names may not be): malt, apple, blue cheese, and perfume found in violets.

"We were surprised how many odors had genes associated with them. If this extends to other odors, then we might expect everyone to have their own unique set of smells that they are sensitive to," McRae said.

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"These smells are found in foods and drinks that people encounter every day, such as tomatoes and apples. This might mean that when people sit down to eat a meal, they each experience it in their own personalized way," he said.

When McRae and colleagues compared the differences in sensitivities between human populations in different parts of the world, they found no sign of regional differentiation.

This means that, for instance, a person in Asia is just as likely to be able to smell one of these compounds as someone in Europe or Africa.

What's more, the ability to smell one of the compounds doesn't predict the ability to smell the other. So, if you are good at smelling blue cheese, it doesn't mean you're necessarily good at smelling the apple next to it.

So, which are the genes that determine our ability to perceive certain odors?

McRae and colleagues found that the genetic variants associated all lie in or near genes that encode so-called odorant or olfactory receptors.

The odorant receptor molecules sit on the surface of sensory nerve cells in our nose.

When they bind a chemical compound drifting through the air, the nerve cell sends an impulse to the brain, leading ultimately to the perception of a smell.

The study is published online in the journal Current Biology, a Cell Press publication.

Source-ANI