Reasons for Seizures in Babies Revealed!

Infantile spasms – a rare but serious seizure disorder in babies, are found to occur as a result of genetic mutations in the molecular pathway of the brain region responsible for memory and learning.

Infantile spasms – a rare but serious seizure disorder in babies, are found to occur as a result of a disrupted molecular pathway as per a study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau, published in the journal EMBO Reports.

Although the infantile spasms often disappear by the age of 4 or 5, long-term developmental problems affecting memory and learning persists throughout the life of the affected individual.

Epilepsy In Children | Seizures In Children - Causes, Complications, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
Epilepsy or seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and seen fairly commonly in children. Symptoms can be highly variable and parents should seek prompt medical advice to treat the condition

‘Infantile spasms – a rare but serious seizure disorder in babies, are found to occur as a result of genetic mutations in the molecular pathway in the hippocampus (brain region responsible for memory and learning). This finding may help in addressing these disorders with therapeutics that target this pathway.’

“We are trying to understand the reasons behind learning and memory disabilities in patients with infantile spasms. The learning and memory deficits are long-lasting and the patients often require assistance at school. This tells us that the seizures and the learning defects are likely caused by different issues in the brain, but no one really knows how,” says Nien-Pei Tsai, a professor of molecular and integrative physiology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who led the study and a faculty member in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I.

Genetic Mutation in Pathway

Earlier reports also suggest that infantile spasms are often associated with mutations in a gene called Nedd4-2. This gene is responsible for codes for a protein called a ligase that regulates the excitability of neurons.

Absence Seizure - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Absence seizure (petit mal epilepsy) involves sudden lapse in consciousness and staring blankly into space, the episodes lasting less than 15 seconds.

To further study the role of the gene and how it affects neuronal growth in cell culture, the team used a mice model with impaired (knocked out) Nedd4-2 gene. It was found that male mice with inadequate Nedd4-2 ligase levels in the hippocampus had impaired ability to learn and remember.

Impaired Synapses in Hippocampus

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy - Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment & Prevention
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a form of generalized seizure characterized by sudden jerky movements of both arms and shoulders, usually just after waking up.

The problems were associated with the structure of excitatory synapses (that carry electrical signals between neurons) in the hippocampus(brain region essential to learning and memory). The hippocampus plays a key role in converting short-term memory to long-term memory.

The lack of Nedd4-2 in the hippocampus disrupted a molecular pathway that regulates the growth of filaments, called actin that is involved in building new synapses (connections). The loss of new connections thereby drove the impairment in learning.

Video-EEG Monitoring Test
Video-electroencephalography monitoring is a diagnostic technique that records the electrical activity of the brain during seizures for a prolonged period.

“Synapses need structural support to sustain their functions and integrity. Actin, which is one of the critical structural components in a cell, is made up of monomers that can attach to one another to form polymers. When the actin polymers are formed in synapses, the synapses become stronger. This process is critical for learning and memory,” says, Tsai.

The team then exposed the same mice lacking adequate Nedd4-2 levels to a drug compound that mimics the activity of the ligase in the brain. The mice appeared to regain some of their lost hippocampal-dependent memory. Thus the compound restored hippocampal excitatory neurons in cell culture.

The study thereby also describes the use of a potential therapeutic intervention to address some of the developmental problems that are often associated with infantile spasms.

Source-Medindia