Researchers Identify Cancer's 'Achilles Heel'

Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers have discovered a subpopulation of cells that display cancer stem cells properties and resistance to chemotherapy.

Resistance to chemotherapy is a frequent and devastating phenomenon that occurs in cancer patients during certain treatments. Unfortunately, tumours that initially respond to chemotherapy eventually become resistant to it, contributing to tumour progression and death.

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The new study revealed that these new cancer "stem" cells, which have not been differentiated into more specific cell types, are capable of multiplying despite being exposed to chemotherapy, while differentiated cells die.

Led by Carlos Cordon-Cardo, MD, PhD, Chair of Pathology, and Josep Domingo-Domenech, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Pathology at Mount Sinai, the research team generated cellular models of drug resistance by treating prostate tumour cell lines with increasing doses of the common chemotherapy drugs, including docetaxel.

They identified a cell population expressing markers of embryonic development. In addition, these cells displayed cancer stem cell functions, including the capacity to initiate tumour cell growth. Next, the team evaluated human tissue samples of prostate cancer and found that patients with more aggressive or metastatic tumours had more of these cancer "stem" cells.

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"This is the first time these so-called cancer stem cells of prostate have been identified as the basis for drug resistance and tumour progression, indicating that they are cancer's 'Achilles Heel,'" said Dr. Cordon-Cardo.

"These findings are the culmination of more than six years of innovative research, which has led to the successful unveiling of cancer characteristics that are critical to understanding how the disease works and progresses," he noted.

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The study also defines a new therapeutic strategy for patients with prostate cancer, consisting of a combination of standard chemotherapy and two pharmacological agents that inhibit key signaling pathways associated with embryonic development and cell differentiation.

Results showed that chemotherapy eliminated differentiated tumour cells, whereas the signaling pathway inhibitors selectively depleted the cancer stem cell population. Some of these inhibitors are already in clinical trials, and some are FDA-approved.

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"By targeting these newly identified cancer 'stem' cells, we are attacking the foundation of tumour growth, rather than treating the symptoms of it," said Dr. Domingo-Domenech.

"The novel discovery of this cell population could lead to the development of new tests for early cancer diagnosis, prognostic tests, and innovative therapeutic strategies," he added.

Ongoing studies suggest that this new cell type exist in other tumour types such as breast cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer and lung cancer.

Their findings were reported in Cancer Cell.

Source-ANI