Risk of Cholesterol Elevated by the Presence of Single Letter in Human Genome

The presence of a single letter in the human genome could elevate risk of high cholesterol, researchers said.

Led by Rockefeller University scientists, the consortium says that the letter they have identified is linked with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, one of the leading health concerns.

Research leader Jan L. Breslow, head of the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, says that this study brings a new level of understanding to an enzyme called HMGCR, the rate-limiting catalytic engine of cholesterol biosynthesis and the target of the much-revered cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins.

For years, HMGCR has been known to play a key role in cholesterol metabolism. However, there was no evidence that common genetic variants existed in the gene that could affect how people metabolise cholesterol, an artery-clogging fat when produced (or consumed) in excess.

"In fact, HMGCR became the poster boy for how genes without common variation can still be good drug targets," Science Daily quoted first author Ralph Burkhardt, a postdoctoral fellow in the Breslow lab, as saying.

The researchers have revealed that their current study builds upon ongoing research involving the inhabitants of the Micronesian island of Kosrae, who have a higher burden of risk factors associated with obesity and heart disease.

Burkhardt, Breslow and their colleagues took advantage of the growing power of genomic databases and genetic and biochemical techniques to show that a single letter difference, known as a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP, in the HMGCR gene was linked to higher LDL cholesterol levels in the 4,947 people whose blood was analysed: a population of 2,346 Kosraeans and a European sample that was included for statistical power.

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"At this point, nobody had an idea what biological effect this SNP would have. So we went on to look for a mechanism, one that could explain how this variant affects HMGCR expression and/or function," says Burkhardt.

The researchers said that the literature already made it clear that people produce two forms of the HMGCR enzyme: a short form and a long one.

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They said that their latest study had led to the discovery that the SNP in question modulates how much of each form each person produces, and that those with higher cholesterol levels produce more of the long form than the short one.

Relying on a process called alternative splicing, the researchers also showed that when the cell transcribes the HMGCR gene, it skips a region of it called exon 13, leading to the shorter enzyme.

They believe that this process ultimately reduces cholesterol production in the body.

"Genes that affect the synthesis, processing and breakdown of these lipoproteins are closely linked to heart disease. This research has helped us to better understand atherosclerosis susceptibility and its complex genetic basis," says Burkhardt.

Source-ANI
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