A new study has show just how important it is for pregnant women to stay away from even second-hand smoke by finding that it can cause serious psychological problems in their children.
A new study has show just how important it is for pregnant women to stay away from even second-hand smoke by finding that it can cause serious psychological problems in their children.
The study was conducted by a team of researchers from the University of Washington by psychologists Lisa Gatzke-Kopp and Theodore Beauchaine.The researchers found that such kids have more symptoms of serious psychological problems compared to the offspring of women who had no prenatal exposure to smoke.
The study also provides the first evidence linking mothers' second-hand smoke exposure while pregnant to their children's attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder.
Psychologists call these behaviours externalising psychopathology and their symptoms include aggressive behaviour, ADHD, defiance and conduct disorder, which encompasses truancy, fighting, school failure, breaking rules, substance use, stealing and destruction of property.
As a part of their study, Gatzke-Kopp and Beauchaine compared patterns psychopathology among three groups of 7- to 15-year-old children, all of whom had significant behavioral and/or emotional problems.
One group experienced no prenatal smoke exposure. The second was made up of children whose mothers smoked during the final two trimesters of pregnancy. The third consisted of children whose mothers were exposed to second-hand smoke at work or in the home in the last two trimesters during pregnancy.
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The UW researchers found that those children whose mothers had been exposed to tobacco smoke either by smoking or by being around smokers when they were pregnant had more symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder than children whose mothers spent their pregnancies in a smoke-free environment. However, they did not show more symptoms of emotional disorders such as depression or anxiety.
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Nicotine, an alkaloid compound in tobacco, is believed to be the chemical that causes these behaviour problems in children. Animal studies have shown that nicotine affects brain development during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, causing changes in brain regions critical to the development of externalising psychopathology in humans.
"Evidence suggests that the dopamine system in the brain gets over stimulated during pregnancy. Dopamine is a brain chemical that plays an important role in behavior and cognition, among other functions," Beauchaine said.
"As a consequence, children who were exposed to smoke in utero have colic and are hard to sooth as infants. As toddlers they are overactive and oppositional. Later on they are irritable, inattentive and low on pleasure," he added.
Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, the research also supports a 2006 report by the U.S. Surgeon General that found passive smoke exposure poses a substantial risk to the general health of those who breathe the smoke, as well as to the fetuses of pregnant women.
The study and its findings are published in the current issue of Child Psychiatry and Human Development.
Source-ANI
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