Skin Cells Can be Turned into Cancer-Hunting Stem Cells

The survival rate beyond two years for a patient with a glioblastoma is 30 percent, and most patients die within a year and a half of their diagnosis.

For the first time in more than 30 years, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill pharmacy researchers turn skin cells into cancer-hunting stem cells that destroy brain tumors known as glioblastoma - a discovery that can offer a new and more effective treatment for the disease.

The technique, reported in Nature Communications, builds upon the newest version of the Nobel Prize-winning technology from 2007, which allowed researchers to turn skin cells into embryonic-like stem cells. Researchers hailed the possibilities for use in regenerative medicine and drug screening. Now, researchers have found a new use: killing brain cancer.

DNA 'Trojan Horse' Smuggles Drugs into Resistant Cancer Cells
Leukemia cells that had become resistant to the drug absorbed it and died when the drug was hidden in a capsule made of folded up DNA.

‘The survival rate in patients with a glioblastoma is very low, even if a surgeon removes most of the tumor, it's nearly impossible to get the invasive, cancerous tendrils that spread deeper into the brain.’

"Patients desperately need a better standard of care," said Shawn Hingtgen, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy and member of the Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, who led the study.

The survival rate beyond two years for a patient with a glioblastoma is 30 percent because it is so difficult to treat. Even if a surgeon removes most of the tumor, it's nearly impossible to get the invasive, cancerous tendrils that spread deeper into the brain and inevitably the remnants grow back. Most patients die within a year and a half of their diagnosis.

Hingtgen and his team want to improve those statistics by developing a new personalized treatment for glioblastoma that starts with a patient's own skin cells, with the goal of getting rid of the cancerous tendrils, effectively killing the glioblastoma.

Inducing MiR-137 Offers Protection in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic tumors often lose the ability to express a small ribonucleic acid molecule called miR-137 which induces a defence mechanism against cancer cells.

In their work, Hingtgen and his team reprogram skin cells known as fibroblasts - which produce collagen and connective tissue -- to become induced neural stem cells. Working with mice, Hingtgen's team showed that these neural stem cells have an innate ability to move throughout the brain and home in on and kill any remaining cancer cells. The team also showed that these stem cells could be engineered to produce a tumor-killing protein, adding another blow to the cancer.

Depending on the type of tumor, the Hingtgen's team increased survival time of the mice 160 to 220 percent. Next steps will focus on human stem cells and testing more effective anti-cancer drugs that can be loaded into the tumor-seeking neural stem cells.

Does Talcum Powder Pose a Risk for Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women, accounting for more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.

"Our work represents the newest evolution of the stem-cell technology that won the Nobel Prize in 2012," Hingtgen said. "We wanted to find out if these induced neural stem cells would home in on cancer cells and whether they could be used to deliver a therapeutic agent. This is the first time this direct reprogramming technology has been used to treat cancer."

Hingtgen's team is also currently improving the staying power of stem cells within the surgical cavity. They discovered that the stem cells needed a physical matrix to support and organize them, so they will hang around long enough to seek out the cancerous tendrils. "Without a structure like that, the stem cells wander off too quickly to do any good," said Hingtgen, who reported this result in a separate journal called Biomaterials.

Keeping Cancer Cells Alive With Low Dose Chemotherapy May be a Better Treatment
Current cancer treatments often involve aggressive treatment with high doses chemotherapy in an attempt to wipe out as many tumor cells as possible.

In that study, Hingtgen and his team added his stem cells to an FDA-approved fibrin sealant commonly used as surgical glue. The physical matrix it creates tripled the retention of stem cells in the surgical cavity, providing further support for the applicability and strength of the technique.

Source-Eurekalert