Snoring Linked to Cognitive Deficit in Kids

Blood pressure may be one of the factors due to which the severity of the cognitive deficit has been notoriously difficult to correlate to the severity of snoring or OSA

Blood pressure may be one of the factors due to which the severity of the cognitive deficit has been notoriously difficult to correlate to the severity of snoring or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), according to scientists at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.

"A history of snoring is a predictor for cognitive deficit in children with SDB," said principle investigator Dr. Raouf Amin, professor of pediatrics and the director of the Division of Pulmonary Medicine at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.

"However, the frequency of apnea events during sleep does not predict cognitive deficit and does not correlate with the degree of cognitive deficit. Such a paradox raised the question of whether there are some variables that we do not traditionally measure in the sleep laboratory that might modify the effect of SDB on cognition," the researcher added.

During the study, Dr. Amin's group measured a new parameter to determine whether it could explain the variability in cognitive dysfunction better than the severity of SDB: the degree to which the brain's blood remains oxygenated during sleep.

The researchers used a technology called near infrared spectroscopy, which is able to penetrate the skull with high-powered light beams to assess oxygen saturation, to measure the "regional cerebral oxygen concentration" (SrO2) in children seven to 13 years old with SDB to varying degrees.

The group also measured blood pressure (BP) during sleep.

While children with snoring were found to have lower regional cerebral oxygen concentration than their healthy counterparts, children with sleep apnea, considered a more severe degree of sleep-disordered breathing, had higher regional cerebral oxygen concentration than children with just snoring.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the tissue in the back of the throat collapses completely blocking the airway. Obstructive sleep apnea is treated using continuous positive airway pressure.

"During normal sleep, when breathing appears to be stable, there seems to be higher oxygen in the brain among children with sleep apnea compared even to normal children," said Dr. Amin, who attributes the unexpected finding to the sleep apnea raises blood pressure.

"Children with sleep apnea have higher BP compared to children with snoring. This may explain why paradoxically we find higher oxygen levels in children with OSA," the researcher added.

Dr. David Gozal, professor of pediatrics and director of the Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the University of Louisville, who wrote the accompanying editorial in the journal, said that the new finding opened the dooor to a new area of study.

"It shows us that what is happening in children with OSA and that neurocognitive deficits are not just in the brain matter but involve the cardiovascular system as well," Dr. Gozal added.

Published in the American Thoracic Society's American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the study opens up avenues of inquiry for investigating the perplexing link between SDB and cognitive deficits in children.

The researchers believe that understanding the source of that association will be key in future efforts to treat or prevent it.

"By taking into account the role of blood pressure in regulating the amount of oxygen concentration in the brain, we might have a better understanding of the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and cognitive deficit," concluded Dr. Amin.

Source-ANI
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