The Role of Happiness and Suffering in Depression Revealed

Scientists have come a step further in understanding how happiness and suffering are related in depression by finding that anticipation of reward increases activity in a region of the brain implicated in conflict in people with the blues.

In the study, which was conducted by Stanford University researchers, depressed and non-depressed volunteers were recruited to undergo brain scans, via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while they participated in an activity where they won and lost money.

Dr. Brian Knutson, first author of the article, explained the findings: "When they anticipated winning money, both depressed and non-depressed individuals showed neural activation in the nucleus accumbens, a region implicated in the anticipation of reward.

"Only the depressed participants, however, additionally showed increased activation in the anterior cingulate, a region of the brain that has been implicated in conflict."

John H. Krystal, M.D., Editor of Biological Psychiatry and affiliated with both Yale University School of Medicine and the VA Connecticut Healthcare System, notes that this finding indicates that "this complex mixture of findings suggests that depression is not simply the absence of reward, but rather a contamination of neural processing of rewards with features of neural processing of punishments."

Dr. Knutson said: "These findings are consistent with formulations that depression involves difficulties in the processing of positive information, and suggest more specifically that depressed people actually experience conflict when they are faced with the likelihood of receiving a reward."

"One intriguing potential implication of this work is that some forms of depression may be experienced, not as the absence of pleasure, but as the ubiquitous presence of emotional pain, disappointment, or frustration," said Dr. Krystal.

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The study is published in Biological Psychiatry.

Source-ANI
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