Two Blood Pressure Drugs Have Equal Efficacy, Different Safety Profile

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are less likely to cause medication side effects, though both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ARBs can prevent heart problems equally, according to an analysis of real-world data published in Hypertension. ACE inhibitors are prescribed more commonly than ARBs as a first-time blood pressure control medicine.

Researchers used eight electronic health records and insurance claim databases in the United States, Germany and South Korea that include almost 3 million patients taking a high blood pressure medication for the first time with no history of heart disease or stroke.

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by blocking an enzyme so that less angiotensin, a chemical that narrows blood vessels, is produced, and blood vessels can remain wider and more relaxed. ARBs block receptors in the blood vessels that angiotensin attaches to, diminishing its vessel-constricting effect.

"In professional guidelines, several classes of medications are equally recommended as first-line therapies. With so many medicines to choose from, we felt we could help provide some clarity and guidance to patients and health care professionals," said RuiJun Chen, M.D., M.A., lead author of the study.

The AHA/ACC 2017 Guideline says the primary medications for treating high blood pressure are thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers as they have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Physical activity and other lifestyle changes are recommended for managing high blood pressure levels, even if medication is required.

Researchers compared the occurrence of heart-related events and stroke among 2,297,881 patients treated with ACE inhibitors to those of 673,938 patients treated with ARBs.

Advertisement

Heart-related events include heart attack, heart failure or stroke, or a combination of any of these events or sudden cardiac death recorded in the database.

The researchers also compared the occurrence of 51 different side effects between the two groups. Follow-up times varied in the database records, but they ranged from about 4 months to more than 18 months.

Advertisement

They found no significant differences in the occurrence of heart attack, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or any cardiac event. But, they found significant differences in the occurrence of four medication side effects. Compared with those taking ARBs, people taking ACE inhibitors were:

3.3 times more likely to develop fluid accumulation and swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucous membranes (angioedema);

32% more likely to develop a cough (which may be dry, persistent, and bothersome);

32% more likely to develop sudden inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis);

and

18% more likely to develop bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract;

"We did not detect a difference in how the two types of medicine reduced the complications of hypertension, but we did see a difference in side effects," said George Hripcsak, M.D., senior author of the study and professor and chair of biomedical informatics at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and medical informatics services director at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center.

"If a patient is starting hypertension therapy for the first time, our results point to starting with the ARB over the ACE inhibitor."

"ARBs do not differ in effectiveness and may have fewer side effects than ACE inhibitors among those just beginning treatment," said Chen.

"We unfortunately cannot extend these conclusions to people who are already taking ACE inhibitors or those who are taking multiple medications. We would reiterate that if you experience any side effects from your medicine, you should discuss with your doctor whether your antihypertensive regimen may need to be adjusted."

Many people were followed for a long period of time, but those who had shorter follow-up periods may not have taken the medications long enough to experience their full benefits in preventing cardiovascular disease events.

Most used ACE inhibitors (80%) was lisinopril, and the most used ARB was losartan, so the results may not be fully generalizable to other medicines in these classes.

Results from this analysis of first-line therapy may not be generalizable to people with hypertension who have been prescribed combination treatment or who switch from one type of medication to another.

"In addition to encouraging patients to live a healthy lifestyle and taking medication as prescribed to control blood pressure, the American Heart Association recommends regular self-blood pressure monitoring with a validated device and working with a health care professional on a plan to reduce blood pressure," said Willie Lawrence, M.D., interventional cardiologist and medical director for Health Equity, Spectrum Health, Benton Harbor, Michigan and head of the American Heart Association’s National Hypertension Control Initiative Oversight Committee.



Source-Medindia