Unmasking the Origins of Ovarian Cancer

Scientists have uncovered a new factor linked to a lethal type of ovarian cancer: a group of progenitor cells located in the supportive tissue, or stroma, of the fallopian tubes. This breakthrough, detailed in a study published in Cancer Discovery, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, could lead to improved strategies for prevention and early detection of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). HGSOC is the most prevalent form of ovarian cancer and claims the lives of over 12,000 women annually in the U.S. ()

The Urgent Need for Early Ovarian Cancer Detection

“Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the Western world, but we currently have no way to detect it early and no prevention strategies apart from surgical castration, which is only indicated in high-risk women,” said co-senior author Lan Coffman, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of malignant hematology and medical oncology in the Pitt School of Medicine and member of Magee-Womens Research Institute and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center. “Understanding the underlying biology of how ovarian cancer forms is critical to improving outcomes for our patients.”

HGSOC begins in the fallopian tubes when healthy epithelial cells transform into precursor lesions known as serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). Similar to how precancerous colon polyps can become colorectal cancer, STIC lesions often develop into HGSOC tumors.

But why do healthy cells become STIC? To find out, Coffman and her team turned to the stroma, the non-cancerous connective tissue that helps cancer grow.

“Most researchers have been focused on the epithelial cells that turn into these STIC lesions and eventually into cancer,” said Coffman. “Until now, no one has really looked at the surrounding stromal microenvironment of these lesions.”

In the stroma of ovarian cancer, a type of progenitor cell normally involved in growth and repair of healthy tissue — mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) — become reprogrammed by tumor cells to support cancer growth. Coffman started by asking when these cancer-associated MSCs form and how early they play a role in cancer formation.

When she and her team profiled MSCs in the fallopian tubes of patients who did not have cancer, they were surprised to find cells that looked like cancer-associated MSCs in these healthy women. These cells, which the researchers named high-risk MSCs, were more common in women with higher risk of ovarian cancer — those of older age or with mutations in the BRCA gene — suggesting that they play a role in cancer initiation.

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When the researchers introduced these high-risk MSCs into organoids, or mini organs, derived from patient fallopian tube tissue, healthy epithelial cells transformed into cancerous cells.

“High-risk MSCs promote DNA damage in epithelial cells and then help those mutated cells survive,” explained Coffman. “It’s the perfect storm for cancer initiation.”

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High-risk MSCs also promoted tumor cell growth and increased resistance to a chemotherapy drug.

In search of a mechanism for why high-risk MSCs drive ovarian cancer, the researchers found that these cells have loss of an antioxidant called AMP kinase. Lower levels of AMP kinase led to higher levels of a protein called WT1, which in turn drove formation of compounds that cause DNA damage.

“This is the first report that stromal changes in the fallopian tube actually have a causative role in ovarian cancer initiation,” said Coffman. “It also points to a path where we might be able to intervene.”

For example, already existing drugs that upregulate AMP kinase could potentially prevent or reverse early changes in the stroma that lead to ovarian cancer.

Reference:

1. Aged and BRCA mutated stromal cells drive epithelial cell transformation - (https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article/doi/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-0805/754132/Aged-and-BRCA-mutated-stromal-cells-drive)

Source-Eurekalert