Women Who Miss Cervical Cancer Screenings Could be Asked to Take Samples at Home: Study

Self sampling kits could also be used in developing countries (Africa and South Americ) without cervical cancer screening programs, reveal researchers. To test how self-sampling affected the accuracy of HPV testing and whether its use might improve cervical cancer detection among women not participating in screening programmes, researchers conducted two systematic reviews of published trial results.

The first review included 56 studies which assessed the accuracy of HPV testing on samples taken by the woman herself versus those collected by a clinician.

It found that HPV tests based on a technology called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were just as good at detecting cervical pre-cancer (CIN2+ or CIN3+) in samples taken by the woman herself as they were in samples taken by a clinician.

However, HPV tests based on a process called signal amplification were not quite as good on self-samples. Both types of HPV tests returned a slightly greater number of false positives when used on self-samples rather than samples taken by a clinician, meaning that a few more women who took their own samples would be told they have a positive screening test without presence of cervical precancer.

The second analysis included 25 trials comparing the impact of offering self-sampling kits instead of screening appointments to under screened women, including those who had not been attending previous screening appointments.

Women sent self-sampling kits were found to be more than twice as likely to respond by providing a sample for testing than they were to respond to an invitation or reminder letter asking them to attend an appointment with a clinician to have a sample taken for testing.

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Letters asking women to request a self-sampling kit were not much more effective than invitation letters with only 22% more women requesting and using them. When women in developing countries without formal screening programmes were offered self-sampling kits at a home visit, more than 80% took up the offer.

The authors point out that there was a lack of detailed data on potentially influential factors in the studies and that this might be overcome by pooling individual patient data from the best individual trials.

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Most cervical cancer cases occur in women who have never been screened for cervical cancer, or do not participate regularly in routine screening.

Cervical cancer rates have come down in countries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand in response to the introduction of widespread screening programmes.

However, incidence has not dropped to the same extent in areas such as Eastern Europe, where coverage is low or the quality of screening is not as good, and 85% of cervical cancer cases occur in less developed countries where there is often no screening at all.

It should be noted that, in recent years incidence has stopped decreasing, and has even started rising in countries with good cytology screening programmes. These observations support introduction of more effective prevention strategies such as HPV vaccination and HPV screening, including self-sampling.

Use of self-sampling for HPV testing may increase coverage substantially, the authors say. "The highest participation rates in our systematic review were observed in studies that included door-to-door invitation scenarios conducted in Latin America or Africa. However, the direct offer of a self sampling kit by a health professional might also be an effective strategy to reach non-responders in countries with established screening programmes."

They recommend that a PCR-based HPV test should be used where resources allow, but where they do not the less expensive signal-based HPV test may still provide benefits.

Source-Eurekalert