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Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble micronutrient primarily found in animal foods and is produced by micro-organisms. The natural sources of vitamin B12 are milk and its products, meat, poultry and eggs. The vegetarian sources of B12 include milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented soy products, fermented beans and vegetables, edible mushrooms, edible algae and fortified nutritional yeast. Food products like breakfast cereals, juices and tofu are fortified with vitamin B12 and are proposed to have high bioavailability
Vitamin B12 in milk is said to be more bioavailable than in other sources. About 250ml of cow's milk may provide about 1 mcg of vitamin B12, thereby providing about 50% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) Thus for vegetarians who consume dairy products, milk plays a major part in meeting their B12 requirement. Vitamin B12 status in vegetarians is positively correlated with the consumption of dairy products.
Cereals are great sources of vitamin B complex, except B12. However, the processing of the cereals for different products results in the loss of many other nutrients. Fortified foods are a great option to improve the nutritional status cost-effectively at a population level. Studies have shown that consuming fortified breakfast cereals (4.8 mcg of vitamin B12/cup) improved the vitamin level.
Fortified juices are an effective route to enhance the vitamin level. Drinks are generally fortified with a combination of B vitamins like vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B6. Studies have reported improvements in the B12 level among children and adults after consuming fortified drinks like B12 fortified fruit juices.
Vitamin B12 content in tofu is influenced by the microbial activity during fermentation. Studies found low levels of B12 in tofu. Hence, vitamin B12- fortified tofu can be a healthy swap for individuals lacking B12 in their diet.
Fermented soya bean products prepared traditionally are vegetarian sources of B12. Doenjang (up to 9.82 mcg/100g dry weight), Chungkookjan (up to 1.40 mcg/100g dry weight) and Gochujang (up to 0.43 mcg/100g dry weight) are some of the fermented soy foods that contain a higher content of vitamin B12 when prepared traditionally.
Dairy products like yogurt are believed to be a great vitamin B12 source for vegetarians. Vitamin B12 is resistant to pasteurization but fermentation of milk treated with heat for the production of yogurt knocks down 25% of the vitamin. A further reduction in B12 may be observed with storage. This decrease is due to the micro-organism in the yogurt feeding on the vitamin. Hence, fortified yogurt could be a fruitful way to improve B12 concentrations. Studies that supplemented vitamin B12-fortified yogurt reported spikes in the vitamin level.
Various types of edible algae are available worldwide. Dried green laver and purple laver are the commonly consumed algae and are rich in vitamin B12. These two varieties contain about 63.6 mcg (dried green laver) and 32.3 mcg (purple laver) of vitamin B12 per 100g dry weight. Supplements made using the microalgae Chlorella species are known to contain a biologically active form of vitamin B12.
The concentration of vitamin B12 differs for each cheese variety. Swiss cheese has the highest concentration of B12 (33.5 ng/g) than other varieties, namely, cream cheese (2.8 ng/g), cheddar (8.5 ng/g) and mozzarella cheese (22.9 ng/g). Due to the water-soluble property of vitamin B12, milk has a higher proportion of the vitamin than cheese, but the vitamin is retained at about 50% in hard cheese varieties since they are bound to milk proteins.
Whey protein powder is an an excellent choice for vegetarians and vegans as a source of vitamin B12. Whey protein also helps in enhancing cobalamin's stability during processing and storage. The vitamin's bioavailability and stability are also improved due to the presence of whey protein.
Nutritional yeasts are used to add a nutty, cheesy flavor to foods. Generally, yeasts are generally low in vitamin B12. However, fortified nutritional yeasts can be a good choice to meet the nutrient requirement as it contains the vitamin. About 117.33 mcg of B12 is found in fortified yeast, however, the amount may vary from brand to brand.
Spinach is a popular ingredient in vegetarian and vegan diets. It is considered to be a poor source of vitamin B12. However, using organic fertilizers are known to increase cobalamin levels up to 0.14 mcg per 100g of spinach leaves.
Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include numbness, loss of vibratory sensation, difficulty in walking, irritability, depression, memory impairment, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, cheilosis, and glossitis. The deficiency can also increase the risk of heart diseases and may leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can be precipitated due to several causes. Malabsorption caused due to intestinal infection or diseases like Crohn's disease, bacterial overgrowth, pernicious anemia or gastric bypass surgery can lead to deficiency. Lifestyle (vegetarian or veganism) and poor intake of vitamin B12-rich foods also may ignite the deficiency. Other causes are the use of drugs such as proton-pump inhibitors, metformin or nitrous oxide that turns down the absorption of vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the functioning of the body. It is essential in the synthesis of DNA, acts as coenzymes in cellular energy production, regenerates methionine for the synthesis of protein and prevents the accumulation of homocysteine.